commit 3572da179b871c90ae31b706bfcd44bd3c76cf95 parent 8e0d64c4eac862a3955906915ee07f1e2784fe80 Author: nolash <dev@holbrook.no> Date: Wed, 9 Jun 2021 22:28:54 +0200 Update 6.9 Diffstat:
48 files changed, 6241 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ devserver-global: $(PELICAN) -lr $(INPUTDIR) -o $(OUTPUTDIR) -s $(CONFFILE) $(PELICANOPTS) -b 0.0.0.0 publish: - "$(PELICAN)" "$(INPUTDIR)" -o "$(OUTPUTDIR)" -s "$(PUBLISHCONF)" $(PELICANOPTS) + "$(PELICAN)" "$(INPUTDIR)" -t ./lash -o "$(OUTPUTDIR)" -s "$(PUBLISHCONF)" $(PELICANOPTS) local: "$(PELICAN)" "$(INPUTDIR)" -o "$(LOCALDIR)" -s "$(CONFFILE)" $(PELICANOPTS) diff --git a/content/20210419_docker_python.rst b/content/20210419_docker_python.rst @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Local python repository :author: Louis Holbrook :tags: docker,python,devops :slug: docker-offline-2-python -:summary: How to not be forced being online when forced to use docker +:summary: Feeding python packages to your offline Docker setup :series: Offline Docker :seriesprefix: docker-offline :seriespart: 2 @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ Local python repository :status: published -.. CAUTION:: +.. + .. CAUTION:: - This is a purely technical article. You should probably be `this geeky <https://g33k.holbrook.no/c18beedd>`_ to continue reading. + This is a purely technical article. You should probably be `this geeky <https://g33k.holbrook.no/c18beedd>`_ to continue reading. In the previous part of this series we were able to connect a Docker network to a virtual interface on our host, neither of which have access to the internet. That means we are ready to host content for the container locally. And we will start out with creating a local Python repository. diff --git a/content/20210420_docker_offline.rst b/content/20210420_docker_offline.rst @@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ The routing to freedom :status: published -.. CAUTION:: +.. + .. CAUTION:: - This is a purely technical article. You should probably be `this geeky <https://g33k.holbrook.no/8319a926>`_ to continue reading. + This is a purely technical article. You should probably be `this geeky <https://g33k.holbrook.no/8319a926>`_ to continue reading. Five years ago I decided that I wanted to be able to work from anywhere, anytime. Four years ago, that promise was kept. In part. diff --git a/content/20210421_web_shapshot.rst b/content/20210421_web_shapshot.rst @@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ So what can we do? Copies and proofs are definitely keywords here. Fortunately, Look, no head ============= -.. WARNING:: - - Nerdy zone ahead +.. + .. WARNING:: + + Nerdy zone ahead A good start is to dump the document source to disk, then calculating and storing the sum of it. diff --git a/content/20210505_wasm_c_bare.rst b/content/20210505_wasm_c_bare.rst @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +wasm and C - The bare necessities +################################# + +:date: 2021-05-05 06:15 +:author: Louis Holbrook +:category: Code +:tags: wasm,c,clang,llvm +:slug: wasm-c-bare +:summary: The bare minimum needed for two-way communication between wasm and C +:lang: en +:status: published + + +I am currently resuming my self-improvement task of learning Webassembly. Or, I should rather say, *using* Webassembly. + +Since I have some optimized small code chunks that I want to use in an embedded environment, it seemed sensible that the first step would be to establish two-way communication with C. + +In my last outing around three years ago, I was using Emscripten_ to bridge the gap. That tool adds quite a few bells and whistles, and doesn't quite yield that warm, fuzzy bare-metal rush. Emscripten_ relies on Clang_ and LLVM_, all of which seem to have gotten their :code:`wasm` support built-in in the meantime (at least on my archlinux system). This it integrates nicely with wabt_ - the swiss-army knife of Webassembly. + +So how far do we get with just clang_, LLVM_ and wabt_ ? Let's see if we at least can set up a code snippet which simply writes *"foobar"* to memory. The host will write *"foo"*, and :code:`wasm` will write *"bar"*. + + + +Without libc +============ + +This excellent `tutorial by Surma <https://surma.dev/things/c-to-webassembly/>`_ provides a good starting point. Go ahead and **read that first**. This text is not a Webassembly primer, so the following will make a lot more sense if you do. + +That setup still adds some magic. Namely, the *memory* and *symbol table* are here added by the *wasm linker*. It would be even more fun to pass this from the host system instead. + +And so we start: [1]_ + +.. include:: code/wasm-c-bare/bare.c + :code: c + :number-lines: 0 + +Compiling this without linking gives us a hint on what needs to be defined. + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ clang --target=wasm32 -nostdlib -nostartfiles -o bare.wasm -c bare.c + $ wasm-objdump -x bare.wasm + bare.wasm: file format wasm 0x1 + + Section Details: + + Type[2]: + - type[0] () -> nil + - type[1] (i32) -> nil + Import[4]: + - memory[0] pages: initial=0 <- env.__linear_memory + - table[0] type=funcref initial=0 <- env.__indirect_function_table + - global[0] i32 mutable=1 <- env.__stack_pointer + - func[0] sig=1 <env.call_me_sometime> <- env.call_me_sometime + Function[1]: + - func[1] sig=0 <foo> + Code[1]: + - func[1] size=138 <foo> + Custom: + - name: "linking" + - symbol table [count=4] + - 0: F <foo> func=1 binding=global vis=hidden + - 1: G <env.__stack_pointer> global=0 undefined binding=global vis=default + - 2: D <__heap_base> undefined binding=global vis=default + - 3: F <env.call_me_sometime> func=0 undefined binding=global vis=default + Custom: + - name: "reloc.CODE" + - relocations for section: 3 (Code) [5] + - R_wasm_GLOBAL_INDEX_LEB offset=0x000007(file=0x000099) symbol=1 <env.__stack_pointer> + - R_wasm_GLOBAL_INDEX_LEB offset=0x00001c(file=0x0000ae) symbol=1 <env.__stack_pointer> + - R_wasm_MEMORY_ADDR_SLEB offset=0x000031(file=0x0000c3) symbol=2 <__heap_base> + - R_wasm_FUNCTION_INDEX_LEB offset=0x000073(file=0x000105) symbol=3 <env.call_me_sometime> + - R_wasm_GLOBAL_INDEX_LEB offset=0x000086(file=0x000118) symbol=1 <env.__stack_pointer> + Custom: + - name: "producers" + +Using nodejs as the host, we check if we can instantiate a :code:`WebAssembly` object + +.. include:: code/wasm-c-bare/bare_naive.js + :code: javascript + :number-lines: 0 + +Running this tells us we are apparently missing a property :code:`env` in the imports object. + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ node bare_naive.js + /home/lash/src/tests/wasm/bare/bare_naive.js:8 + const i = new WebAssembly.Instance(m, imports); + ^ + + TypeError: WebAssembly.Instance(): Import #0 module="env" error: module is not an object or function + +That seems to match with the :code:`Import` section in the :code:`objdump` output above. Let's stick the *memory* and *table* in there. [2]_ + +And let's make a bold guess that the callback function :code:`call_me_sometime` needs to go in there aswell. + +.. include:: code/wasm-c-bare/bare.js + :code: javascript + :number-lines: 0 + +The linker needs a little help from us for this: + +- Our callback function will not be available at link time, so we have to :code:`--allow-undefined` to promise that the host has got this covered. +- :code:`--import-memory` and :code:`--import-table` to enable us to get memory and symbol table from the host. +- :code:`--export="foo"` to make sure we only export exactly what we intend to from our :code:`wasm`. + + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ clang --target=wasm32 -nostdlib -nostartfiles -Wl,--no-entry -Wl,--export="foo" -Wl,--import-memory -Wl,--import-table -Wl,--allow-undefined -o bare.wasm bare.c + + +And that should give us: + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ node bare.js + heap is at: 66560 + heap contains: foobar + +This way of pointing to memory is of course grossly inadequate *and* unsafe *and* ridiculous for any purpose more advanced that this one. So some proper memory management would not be a bad thing. + + +Adding libc +=========== + +And what do you know. In other news since last time I looked at this is the addition of "a libc for WebAssembly programs built on top of WASI system calls." [wasi-libc]_. Let's see if we can add a slightly less manual way of handling memory with :code:`malloc` and :code:`memcpy` + +.. include:: code/wasm-c-bare/bare_libc.c + :code: c + :number-lines: 0 + +As you see, we need a few more parameters for the compiler and linker at this point. The :code:`--target=wasm32-unknown-wasi --sysroot /opt/wasi-libc .. /opt/wasi-libc/lib/wasm32-wasi/libc.a` is needed to hook us up with headers and symbols for the libc. + +My archlinux puts that sysroot in :code:`/opt/wasi-libc`, that may of course not be the case elsewhere. + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ clang -DHAVE_LIBC=1 --target=wasm32-unknown-wasi --sysroot /opt/wasi-libc -nostdlib -nostartfiles -Wl,--no-entry -Wl,--export="foo" -Wl,--import-memory -Wl,--import-table -Wl,--allow-undefined -o bare.wasm bare.c /opt/wasi-libc/lib/wasm32-wasi/libc.a + $ wasm-objdump -x bare.wasm + + bare.wasm: file format wasm 0x1 + + Section Details: + + Type[3]: + - type[0] (i32) -> nil + - type[1] () -> nil + - type[2] (i32) -> i32 + Import[3]: + - memory[0] pages: initial=2 <- env.memory + - table[0] type=funcref initial=1 <- env.__indirect_function_table + - func[0] sig=0 <call_me_sometime> <- env.call_me_sometime + Function[7]: + - func[1] sig=1 <foo> + - func[2] sig=2 <malloc> + - func[3] sig=2 <dlmalloc> + - func[4] sig=0 <free> + - func[5] sig=0 <dlfree> + - func[6] sig=1 <abort> + - func[7] sig=2 <sbrk> + Global[2]: + - global[0] i32 mutable=1 - init i32=67072 + - global[1] i32 mutable=0 <__heap_base> - init i32=67072 + Export[2]: + - func[1] <foo> -> "foo" + - global[1] -> "__heap_base" + Code[7]: + - func[1] size=171 <foo> + - func[2] size=10 <malloc> + - func[3] size=6984 <dlmalloc> + - func[4] size=10 <free> + - func[5] size=1908 <dlfree> + - func[6] size=4 <abort> + - func[7] size=78 <sbrk> + Data[2]: + - segment[0] memory=0 size=7 - init i32=1024 + - 0000400: 6261 7a62 6172 00 bazbar. + - segment[1] memory=0 size=500 - init i32=1032 + - 0000408: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000418: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000428: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000438: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000448: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000458: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000468: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000478: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000488: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000498: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004a8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004b8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004c8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004d8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004e8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00004f8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000508: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000518: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000528: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000538: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000548: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000558: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000568: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000578: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000588: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 0000598: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005a8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005b8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005c8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005d8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005e8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ + - 00005f8: 0000 0000 .... + Custom: + - name: "name" + - func[0] <call_me_sometime> + - func[1] <foo> + - func[2] <malloc> + - func[3] <dlmalloc> + - func[4] <free> + - func[5] <dlfree> + - func[6] <abort> + - func[7] <sbrk> + Custom: + - name: "producers" + +What luxury. And of course, our :code:`bare.wasm` file just grew from 350 bytes to 10k... + +We don't have to change our :code:`javascript` code at this point. Simply run again, and get: + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ node bare.js + heap is at: 67088 + heap contains: foobazbar + + +.. _Emscripten: https://emscripten.org/ + +.. _LLVM: https://llvm.org/ + +.. _clang: http://clang.org/ + +.. _wabt: https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt + +.. _libc for wasi: https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-libc + +.. + + .. [1] :code:`__heap_base` will be set by default by the wasm environment, and is thus available as an external symbol. + +.. + + .. [2] After linking the memory symbol meeds to be called :code:`memory` instead of :code:`__linear_memory` for some reason. Thus we add both here for clarity. + + +.. + + .. [wasi-libc] https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-libc diff --git a/content/20210508_nft_tokenid_content.rst b/content/20210508_nft_tokenid_content.rst @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +The NFT token id as URI +####################### + +:date: 2021-05-08 19:14 +:modified: 2021-05-10 09:18 +:category: Code +:author: Louis Holbrook +:tags: nft,evm,hash,key-value store,decentralized storage +:slug: nft-tokenid-content +:lang: en +:summary: How to embed asset references for NFTs that are independent of providers in the current standard. +:status: published + + +Let's consider an NFT that works like a badge for participating in development of a software project. + +This token is awarded as a proof that the task was completed. + +To make things more fun, each NFT should have some unique, immutable content attached to it. + +In other words, the properties of this token, once set, should never change. + +Nor should they disappear. + +So how do we refer to the artwork asset within the token standard? + + +It was acceptable at the time +============================= + +The ERC721 standard is not explicit about where the assets that belong with the NFT can be discovered and resolved. + +At the time when the standard was adopted by the Ethereum community, there were multiple *"[...] Alternatives considered: put all metadata for each asset on the blockchain (too expensive), use URL templates to query metadata parts (URL templates do not work with all URL schemes, especially P2P URLs), multiaddr network address (not mature enough)."* Furthermore, they *"[...] considered an NFT representing ownership of a house, in this case metadata about the house (image, occupants, etc.) can naturally change."* [EIP721]_ + +A "changing house" doesn't sound quite like what we need. And anyway; if we stick a good old web2 URI in there, then that will end up on the great bonfire of dead links before long. + + +Image, schmimage +================ + +To be honest, I find the presumption in the optional EIP721 metadata structure to be surprisingly short-sighted. It *specifically* defines the asset as an image, and at the same time is presupposes that only a *single* asset file will be used. + +We may want to add *multiple* sources, so this is another obstacle for us. + +So how to get around this, while still playing nice with existing implementations out there? Two ideas come to mind: + +- Embed a *thumbnail* as a preview of the artwork using a :code:`base64` *data URI* [1]_ in the metadata. Stick :code:`name` and :code:`description` on it, and the schema is still fulfilled. +- *Extend* the structure with a list of *attachments* that *our* application layer knows about. Of course, each of these can have the same format as above. + +In other words: + +.. include:: code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_base.json + :code: json + + +Mirror, mirror +============== + +Since the asset reference shouldn't change, we can refer to it by its fingerprint or `content address <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-addressable_storage>`_. If we define that the resource can be looked up over HTTP by that fingerprint as its basename, then we are free to define and modify whatever list of mirrors for that resource that's valid for any point in time. The application layer would simply try the endpoints one after another. + +We take the :code:`sha2-256` of the asset reference (the json file above, free of evil whitespace and newlines): + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ cat reference.json | jq -c -j | sha256sum | awk '{ print $1; }' + 3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551 + +Imagine we had a mirror list of https://foo.com and https://bar.com/baz/. Then our application would try these urls in sequence, stopping at the first that returns a valid result: + +.. code-block:: text + + https://foo.com/3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551 + https://bar.com/baz/3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551 + +Once we receive the content, all we have to do is hash it ourselves and verify that the sum matches the basename of the URI. If it doesn't the result is of course not valid and we continue down the list, appropriately banning the mischievous server then throrougly harassing its admin. + + +Cast away +========= + +Since our fingerprint is 32 bytes, it fits exactly inside the :code:`tokenId` (:code:`uint256`). Let's decide to big-endian numbers when converting (I find them easier to make sense of). In that case our hash from the reference turns into this modest number: + +.. code-block:: python + + # python3 + >>> hx = bytes.fromhex('3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551') + >>> int.from_bytes(hx, byteorder='big') + 28891040728719892888467057134569335350980764617882743994259054993630416573777 + +As long as we're composing the :code:`evm` inputs ourselves, we don't really have to worry about the integer representation in this particular case. But the interface is defined as an integer type, and other mortals may be using higher level interfaces, we have to be explicit about our choice. + + +Welcoming mint +============== + +Assume we have a method :code:`mintTo(address _recipient, uint256 _tokenId)` on our NFT contract. The Solidity signature of that contract is :code:`edb20b7e` [3]_. If I were to mint to myself then the input to the contract would be: + +.. code-block:: text + + edb20b7e000000000000000000000000185cbce7650ff7ad3b587e26b2877d95568805e33fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551 + +Broken down: + +.. code-block:: text + + signature: edb20b7e + address, zero-padded: 000000000000000000000000185cbce7650ff7ad3b587e26b2877d95568805e3 + token id: 3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551 + +The corresponding web3.js code would look like: + +.. code-block:: javascript + + const c = new web3.eth.Contract([...], '0x...'); + c.methods.mintTo('0x185cbce7650ff7ad3b587e26b2877d95568805e3', 28891040728719892888467057134569335350980764617882743994259054993630416573777).call(); + +To satisfy the `tokenURI` method, we can generate a string that's prefix with sha256 as a "scheme" [4]_. A bit of (unoptimized) solidity helps us out here: + +.. include:: code/nft-tokenid-content/tohex.sol + :code: solidity + +This will return :code:`sha256:3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551` for :code:`tokenId` :code:`3fdfbfe3b510b69f90cd92618e4c1ec76cf8b9c330bc2da1922acda8f84f9551` as input, provided that the :code:`tokenId` actually exists. That may seem a bit useless at first, but consider the scenario where we want to interface with other NFTs aswell. Or perhaps we are implementing a contract that optionally can support a static web2 URI in storage. By doing it this way, all bases are covered. + + +Decentralized identifiers +========================= + +Even better would be to add redundancy with autonomous decentralized storage. However, networks like `Swarm <https://ethswarm.org>`_ and `IPFS <https://ipfs.io>`_ use their own hashing recipes. That means that for every network referenced, we'd have to define an *alternative* in our reference structure. + +Referencing the canonical :code:`sha256` aswell as the :code:`Swarmhash` for the same item could then look like this [5]_: + + +.. include:: code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_swarm.json + :code: json + +---- + +.. + + .. [1] Yes, they are valid URIs actually: https://www.rfc-archive.org/getrfc.php?rfc=2397 + +.. + + .. [2] Likely it would be prudent to start using the official :code:`sha3` instead of :code:`sha2` these days, also because the :code:`sha2` hash is not a builtin for :code:`evm`. But neither is :code:`sha3`. The :code:`keccak256` Bitcoin uses, which EVM has inherited, is a pre-cursor to the :code:`keccak` published as the *official* :code:`sha3`. Still, :code:`keccak256` and :code:`sha3` is used interchangeably in opcode lists (and previously in `Solidity <https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.0/050-breaking-changes.html#functions>`_ too). This has caused me quite a fair bit of confusion, I might add. Apart from it being ambiguous, the :code:`keccak256` tooling is also less common in the wild. Therefore :code:`sha2` seems like a safer bet for our experiments. It's not broken yet, after all. + +.. + + .. [3] The hex result of :code:`keccak256("mintTo(address,uint256)")` + + +.. + + .. [4] *Data URI* is of no use here, because the hash itself is just nondescript binary data. Luckily :code:`<scheme>:<path>` is still a valid URI. + +.. + + .. [5] Here the hashes represent the media content itself, not the reference. That's why the :code:`sha256` one is different than before. + +.. + + .. [EIP721] https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721 diff --git a/content/20210510_ipfs_api_dissect.rst b/content/20210510_ipfs_api_dissect.rst @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Dissecting the IPFS get +####################### + +:title: Dissecting the IPFS API +:date: 2021-05-01 08:40 +:slug: ipfs-api-get +:category: Code +:status: draft + + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/object/get?arg=QmWajb6k7oT9HVTq5hgnGZqRxzwwA2g7D33MFjzd2nVcXw" + {"Links":[{"Name":"","Hash":"QmZeEX1hbQtj34TPLdbUwbFtQBGAmanTVUB6HuiTcrLrfQ","Size":262158},{"Name":"","Hash":"QmWdaV34ArzVJH2Si9CxS9b5SxCnmU1HMuEXNA137XoV4f","Size":262158},{"Name":"","Hash":"QmUgSEJDRj7So3x7n8RaUfiLfcDy5CyqY7btJdm6B7z4Ae","Size":131390}],"Data":"\u0008\u0002\u0018\ufffd\ufffd( \ufffd\ufffd\u0010 \ufffd\ufffd\u0010 \ufffd\ufffd\u0008"} + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/get?arg=QmZeEX1hbQtj34TPLdbUwbFtQBGAmanTVUB6HuiTcrLrfQ" | hexdump -C -n1024 + 00000010 4c 64 62 55 77 62 46 74 51 42 47 41 6d 61 6e 54 |LdbUwbFtQBGAmanT| + 00000020 56 55 42 36 48 75 69 54 63 72 4c 72 66 51 00 00 |VUB6HuiTcrLrfQ..| + 00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| + * + 00000060 00 00 00 00 30 30 30 30 36 34 34 00 30 30 30 30 |....0000644.0000| + 00000070 30 30 30 00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 00 30 30 30 30 |000.0000000.0000| + 00000080 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 00 31 34 30 34 36 31 35 33 |1000000.14046153| + 00000090 30 33 36 00 30 31 37 31 37 32 00 20 30 00 00 00 |036.017172. 0...| + 000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| + * + 00000100 00 75 73 74 61 72 00 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.ustar.00.......| + 00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| + * + 00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 |.........0000000| + 00000150 00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.0000000........| + 00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| + * + 00000200 47 49 46 38 39 61 f4 01 7b 01 f7 fb 00 94 31 17 |GIF89a..{.....1.| + 00000210 ac c7 d8 a8 c6 ec d5 70 4b 90 8a 71 e9 cd a9 c6 |.......pK..q....| + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/get?arg=QmZeEX1hbQtj34TPLdbUwbFtQBGAmanTVUB6HuiTcrLrfQ" | dd bs=512 skip=1 > pat.gif + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/get?arg=QmWdaV34ArzVJH2Si9CxS9b5SxCnmU1HMuEXNA137XoV4f" | dd bs=512 skip=1 >> pat.gif + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/get?arg=QmUgSEJDRj7So3x7n8RaUfiLfcDy5CyqY7btJdm6B7z4Ae" | dd bs=512 skip=1 >> pat.gif + +.. code-block:: bash + + $ curl -X POST "http://localhost:5001/api/v0/cat?arg=QmWajb6k7oT9HVTq5hgnGZqRxzwwA2g7D33MFjzd2nVcXw" -o pat2.gif + $ diff pat2.gif pat.gif + $ echo $? + 0 diff --git a/content/20210516_village_protocol.rst b/content/20210516_village_protocol.rst @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +A village network protocol +########################## + +:date: 2021-05-19 10:40 +:category: Hygiene +:author: Louis Holbrook +:tags: p2p,protocol,network,crm,privacy,f2f,community +:slug: village-network-protocol +:summary: What would truly peer-to-peer CRM backend look like? +:lang: en +:status: published + + +What would truly peer-to-peer CRM backend look like? And at that, once that respected the right of the "customer" to choose how it wants to represent itself in the context? + +Perhaps by Modeling the network on how villages treat strangers and their own, and how you would go about interacting with them. + +Here's an initial stab at describing what such a meta-protocol could look like. + +.. There is no truth. There is only perspective and predictability. + +Terms +===== + +Individual + A subjective structure where the thing being described is the thing that described it. + +User + A particular perception of an individual by an entity in the network. + +Userspec + Data structure containing details about a user. May or may not be public. + +Locals + A group of individuals acknowledging each other as part of a group, and who share views on users. + +Local + A member of a group of locals, from the shared perspective of an individual and another local. + +Localslist + The individuals making up a group of locals, from the perspective of a local. + +Stranger + A user as percieved by a group of locals. + +Strangerlist + All users that may speak to the locals, from the perspective of a local. To be shared among locals. + +Strangerspec + Userspec created by a local describing a user. To be shared among locals. + +Entity + An individual or any derived representation of it (user, stranger, local). + +Peer + An entity coupled with connection information + +Content address + SHA256 sum of arbitrary content + +Key setup + May be an individual key, or a specification describing how to generate keys for a particular relation. + + +Roles +===== + + +The individuals +--------------- + +Are free to have their own opinion of what they are. + +When interacting with others, they are free to choose what they say about what they are. + +An individual initially *defines itself* in the network. + + +The users +--------- + +A user is a view of an individual as defined by one or more other individuals. + +It may be how an individual presents itself to an particular individual or a group. + +It may also be how an individual or a group presents another individual to itself. + + +The locals +---------- + +Locals are a group of individuals who wish to share a view of themselves and prejudice about others. + +An individual will not be treated as a local unless it and its local counterpart considers it a local. + +Locals may acknowledge strangers with or without proof. + +If one local changes opinion about a stranger, all locals should change their opinon to the same. + +If one local excludes a stranger, all locals should exclude the stranger. + +You can't keep secrets in a village. If someone says something to another local, it must assume all locals will get to know what was said. + + +The strangers +------------- + +A stranger is a user that's not considered local by a group of locals. + +A stranger may not speak to a local until the local has decided it can. + +If a stranger may speak to one local, it may speak all locals. + + +Identifiers +=========== + +The :code:`individual_id` is the identifier of an individual consists of the content address of some basic public data about the entity registering itself. The :code:`individual_id` is immutable. + +Any local will refer to another local by its :code:`individual_id`. + +A :code:`user_id` is the content address of an :code:`individual_id` together with the content address of some basic data describing the perception of the individual. + +Locals describe stranger by a pair of :code:`individual_id` and :code:`user_id`. Let us call this :code:`stranger_id`. The :code:`stranger_id` is immutable. + +The data represented by the :code:`user_id` in a :code:`stranger_id` is visible to locals, and may or may not be public. + + +State description +================= + +A user keeps a state towards other entities consisting of the following content-addresses, in the given order: + +1. Previous state +2. Userspec + +A local keeps a state towards its locals consisting of the following content-addresses, in the given order. + +1. Previous state +2. Userspec +3. Localslist +4. Locals state +5. Strangerslist +6. Strangers state + +The state is represented by the content address of the concatenation of these content-addresses, in the given order. + +Any state change will be signed by the key resolvable through the :code:`individual_id`. + + +Previous state +-------------- + +The content address of the previous state. Will be :code:`0` in the first state. + + +Userspec +-------- + +The individual as it wants to be perceived in the current context. There is no guarantee that the individual will be viewed in this way by others. + + +Localslist +---------- + +A lexiographically ordered array of :code:`individual_id` that define the individuals in a group of locals. + +All locals must keep this list in the same state. + + +Locals state +------------ + +A local's last recorded state of each of the locals, in the same order as :code:`Localslist`. + +The recorded state is the same content address as in the state description section above. + +All locals must strive to keep this in the same state. + + +Strangerslist +------------- + +A lexiographically ordered pointer array representing a local's opinion of which users that can communicate with locals. [1]_ + +Combination of :code:`stranger_id` and a *vote* on the specific user. + +The vote can be in one of three states: + +- Value :code:`0`, meaning local has acknowledged the user, explicitly or by following other locals. We call this state "deferred." +- Value :code:`-1`, meaning a local has vetoed the user. We call this state "vetoed." +- Any other value, which is the content-address of the proof accepted by the local. [2]_ We call this state "accepted." + +Typically, the initial vote value is :code:`0`. The value may change at any time, but may never change back to :code:`0` once set to another value. + +A user that is part of the list, but not vetoed, is referred to as "acknowledged." + +The Strangerslist state may be differ between locals, but they should strive to keep it the same. + + +Strangers state +--------------- + +The local's version of the current user state of the strangers, in the same order as the :code:`Strangerlist`. + +The Strangers state may differ between locals, but they should strive to keep it the same. + + +Behavior of locals +================== + +A local may announce itself as *active* or *passive*. This should be part of the :code:`Userspec` in the locals context. + + +Specifically, this affects the way it "votes" on strangers. A passive local: + +- Will always *veto* a user if *at least one active local* has vetoed it. +- Will always *accept* a user if *all active locals* have accepted it. [3]_ + +Typically, a passive local will be a bot, for example an always-online node that guarantees availability of the locals so users can request state changes. + +There must be at least two active locals in any group of locals. + + +Veto dissent +------------ + +If a local vetoes a stranger, then all locals should cut communication with that stranger. + +Vetoes should be adopted by all locals. + +If, however, other locals consider the veto to be issued in error, there are two possible outcomes: + +1. The vetoing local(s) abandon(s) the veto. [4]_ +2. The vetoing individual(s) is/are excluded by the locals. + + +Network +======= + +Any entity needs to define and announce itself as a :code:`peer` in order to be available on the network. + +A "peer" is the coupling of network connection information to an :code:`individual_id`. + + +Discoverability +--------------- + +Peers are kept in a `DHT <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table>`_. + +Peers must be discoverable by their locals affiliation. [5]_ + + +Users +----- + +Users open single-request connections to other users to annonunce, look up and prune peers. + +Users may request state changes for themselves, or relay such requests for other users. + + +Locals +------ + +Locals keep open connections (streams) with each other. + +Locals continually exchange state changes. + +Locals should be able to audit the chain of state changes of other locals. + + +Between locals and users +------------------------ + +Strangers *acknowledged* by locals open single-request connections to a local to announce state changes. + +Locals may open single-request connections to a user to announce a change to the state of the :code:`Userspec` of a stranger. [6]_ + +Individuals are free to deny connections from non-locals, for example if the entity has been sending garbage requests. The implementation of such sanctions is deferred to the application layer. + + +Encryption +========== + +An individual may keep content totally private on the network. + +A user may keep different encryption keys for different contexts. + +If a stranger shares a key setup with a local, that setup will be shared among all locals. A local will expect to be able to communicate with a strangerr using this key setup. + +The stranger must be able to change the key setup towards locals. + +The locals may be able to change the key setup towards a stranger. + +The protocol should allow anything from simple symmetric key exchanges to complex forward/backward secrecy schemes. + +.. + + .. [1] Insert in this sorted list will face scaling issues when locals need to acknowledge a lot of users. The lists can be split into `buckets <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_%28computing%29>`_, either statically (for example two-byte prefixes) or dynamically after crossing a certain threshold. It should not be necessary to store empty buckets. + +.. + + .. [2] This proof may map to what's commonly known as *kyc information*. + + +.. + + .. [3] Perhaps with the further limitation that all active users must have accepted with the *same* proof. Otherwise, how will the passive local choose which proof to accept. + +.. + + .. [4] Observe that since the vote state cannot change back to :code:`0`, "cancelling" the veto can only be done by adding proof. + +.. + + .. [5] What exactly uniquely identifies a group of locals on the network in such a way that it cannot be hi-jacked or spoofed still needs to be thought through. Perhaps it can be a combination of a specific name with a signature from the "founders;" the first (two or more) locals in it. + +.. + + .. [6] A use-case here would be where the locals make a change for the user due to an out-of-band request from the user. This is *not* the :code:`Strangerspec`; it is the user's current :code:`Userspec` for the given context. Of course, it's up to the user to accept the change. It may in turn request a new state change to the locals to revert it. + + diff --git a/content/20210524_docker_npm.rst b/content/20210524_docker_npm.rst @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +Local npm repository +#################### + +:date: 2021-05-25 11:47 +:category: Offlining +:author: Louis Holbrook +:tags: docker,npm,nodejs,javascript,devops +:slug: docker-offline-3-npm +:summary: Feeding npm packages to your offline Docker setup +:series: Offline Docker +:seriesprefix: docker-offline +:seriespart: 3 +:lang: en +:status: published + + +As expected, serving a local ``npm`` repository is a *lot* less straightforward than that for ``pip`` and ``python``. + +The npm registry uses the :code:`CouchDB` nosql server as backend to resolve dependencies and serve resource metadata. The :code:`npm` CLI tool expects a corresponding json response to requests that cite the *name* (and not the path) of the package. + +Let's ask the `registry <https://registry.npmjs.org>`_ [1]_ for the package ``ftp``, and have a look at the response (excerpt): + + +.. code-block:: console + + $ curl -X GET https://registry.npmjs.org/ftp | jq + { + "_id": "ftp", + "_rev": "113-89fe76508a7ece41b4c9a157114f966f", + "name": "ftp", + "description": "An FTP client module for node.js", + "dist-tags": { + "latest": "0.3.10" + }, + "versions": { + + + + "0.3.10": { + "name": "ftp", + "version": "0.3.10", + "author": { + "name": "Brian White", + "email": "mscdex@mscdex.net" + }, + "description": "An FTP client module for node.js", + "main": "./lib/connection", + "engines": { + "node": ">=0.8.0" + }, + "dependencies": { + "xregexp": "2.0.0", + "readable-stream": "1.1.x" + }, + "scripts": { + "test": "node test/test.js" + }, + "keywords": [ + "ftp", + "client", + "transfer" + ], + "licenses": [ + { + "type": "MIT", + "url": "http://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/raw/master/LICENSE" + } + ], + "repository": { + "type": "git", + "url": "http://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp.git" + }, + "bugs": { + "url": "https://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/issues" + }, + "homepage": "https://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp", + "_id": "ftp@0.3.10", + "_shasum": "9197d861ad8142f3e63d5a83bfe4c59f7330885d", + "_from": "https://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/tarball/v0.3.10", + "_resolved": "https://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/tarball/v0.3.10", + "_npmVersion": "1.4.28", + "_npmUser": { + "name": "mscdex", + "email": "mscdex@mscdex.net" + }, + "maintainers": [ + { + "name": "mscdex", + "email": "mscdex@mscdex.net" + } + ], + "dist": { + "shasum": "9197d861ad8142f3e63d5a83bfe4c59f7330885d", + "tarball": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ftp/-/ftp-0.3.10.tgz" + }, + "directories": {} + } + }, + + +That looks a lot like embellished contents of the basic package.json set up by :code:`npm init`, except it's wrapped in a versions array. It also explicitly defines an *absolute* url to a `tarball` under the `dist` key. [2]_ + + +How low can you go +================== + +It seems that all that's needed is a json index page served for the package name subpath of repository path, together with the tarball itself. We check this by putting together an utterly pointless package ``foobarbarbar``: + +**foobarbarbar/index.js** + +.. include:: code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/index.js + :code: javascript + :name: foobarbarbar/index.js + +**foobarbarbar/package.json** + +.. include:: code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/package.json + :code: json + :name: foobarbarbar/package.json + +Then make a tarball from those two files named ``foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz``, take the sha1 sum of it, + +Remembering our `virtual interface setup from the pip example <{filename}/20210419_docker_python.rst>`_ we stick it behind our webserver (here with npm sub-path) and add our minimal version json wrapper: + +**package.json** + +.. include:: code/docker-offline-3-npm/package.json + :code: json + :name: package.json + + +Making introductions +==================== + +The central trick here is to serve a json document as the "directory index" of the HTTP server. It's useful to remind ourselves at this point that we are *not* setting up a *registry* but a *repository* that contains provisions for a *locked* or *frozen* dependency graph. The former would surely need some of the ``CouchDB`` magic to resolve dependencies. Our assumption is that the latter can theoretically be realized using static files. + +In other words; just as with the previous `python repository example <{filename}/20210419_docker_python.rst>`_, we don't try to handle dependency resolutions for pip, but merely serve the actual package files after dependences have been resolved. + +With Apache Web Server, using the ``package.json`` as the directory index is as easy as: + +.. code-block:: markup + + <Directory "/srv/http/npm"> + DirectoryIndex package.json + </Directory> + +Of course adjusting the `Directory` path as needed to match the local setup. + +Make sure that the tarball and the latter `package.json` can be found in the `foobarbarbar` virtual subfolder of the above `Directory` directive path: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ ls /srv/http/npm/foobarbarbar/ + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 351 May 24 18:38 foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 380 May 25 09:36 package.json + +Set the registry entry in your ``~./npmrc`` as follows: + +.. code-block:: ini + + registry=http://10.1.2.1/npm + +Then restart the Apache server and give it a go: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ npm install --verbose foobarbarbar + npm verb cli [ '/usr/bin/node', '/usr/bin/npm', 'install', '--verbose', 'foobarbarbar' ] + npm info using npm@7.13.0 + npm info using node@v16.1.0 + [...] + npm http fetch GET 200 http://10.1.2.1/npm/foobarbarbar/ 6ms + [...] + npm http fetch GET 200 http://10.1.2.1/npm/foobarbarbar/foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz 25ms + [...] + added 2 packages in 545ms + npm timing command:install Completed in 70ms + [...] + + +Cache dodging +============= + +Seriously, ``npm --help`` leaves a lot to be desired. However, the online ``npm install`` documentation does not yield any more clues as to whether it gives you an option of ignoring local cache like you can with ``pip --no-cache``. This is a major pain in the ass, as you have to remember to keep your ``~/.npm`` folder clean between each install attempt. Otherwise, changes you make to the repository won't be used by ``npm install``. + +While testing, it pays to use a folder fairly close to the fs root, like a subfolder in `tmp`. That way, you won't be thrown off by some stray `node_modules` folder somewhere down the tree. + + +Think locally, act locally +========================== + +Serving packages globally apparently comes down to this: + +1. Pull the ``package.json`` versions list from a proper registry. +2. Get the tarball +3. Transform the absolute package url to our host instead. (sigh) +4. (optional) Prune all the versions and metadata which is not needed (anything that's not in our minimal ``foobarbarbar`` example above). + +Obviously, this is an annoyingly large amount of work to code up parsing and retrieval for. + +Incidentally, there is a very nice tool called `verdaccio <https://verdaccio.org>`_ which gets us most of the way there. [3]_ Its *storage* directory [4]_ uses exactly the directory structure we need. After retrieving a package collection using it as a proxy, getting the files in place is merely a case of copying [5]_ the files from the *storage* directory to the corresponding webserver directory. + +Looking at the ``package.json`` versions wrapper saved by ``verdaccio``, however, we see that it still preserves the absolute path of the upstream registry. Sadly we are still left with doing the third task ourselves. + +As parsing json is one of my least favorite things in the world, I won't include the code for this last step here. For now it's sufficient that we understand the minimums required for manually setting up and serving a static, local, offline npm repository. Regardless of the pain involved. + + +Making it personal +================== + +Whether we massage jsons ourselves or lazily resort to ``verdaccio``, the final step we need to take is the same: Setting the registry url in the npm configuration of the docker image. + +This is merely a case of setting the registry url in the `npmrc <https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v6/configuring-npm/npmrc#files>`_ inside the container. + +.. code-block:: console + + $ docker run -it [...] npm config ls -l | grep etc/npmrc + globalconfig = "/usr/etc/npmrc" + +To get at our manually provided ``foobarbarbar`` package from before, the dockerfile will be (using archlinux): + +.. code-block:: docker + + [...] + RUN pacman -S nodejs npm + RUN mkdir -vp /usr/etc + RUN echo "registry=http:/10.1.2.1/npm" > /usr/etc/npmrc + WORKDIR /root + RUN npm install foobarbarbar + +.. + + .. [1] This was the registry address I had in my `~/.npmrc` or whether I put it in myself. + +.. + + .. [2] I have tried using a relative path instead, both with and without a leading ``/``, but in either case the install then errors our complaining that the lock file is "corrupt." Whether the schema allows a base-url setting I do not know, as the schema documentation doesn't seem to be readily available. + +.. + + .. [3] In fact, ``verdaccio`` by itself solves the particular problem that we're trying to solve; providing an offline repository alternative. The task at hand, however, is to understand how to cope *without* using other tools than what can be considered base infrastructure (i.e. a web server). + +.. + + .. [4] Should be ``/etc/verdaccio/storage``; see ``/etc/verdaccio/config.yaml`` + +.. + + .. [5] An alternative approach would be to set the storage path to point to the same folder as the web server is serving. However, since we need to mess with the tarball paths diff --git a/content/20210609_iup.rst b/content/20210609_iup.rst @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Internet up monitor +################### + +:date: 2021-06-09 22:26 +:category: Hygiene +:author: Louis Holbrook +:tags: bash,systemd,network +:slug: internet-up-monitor +:summary: A small script to detect internet status +:lang: en +:status: draft + + +.. include:: code/iup/iup.sh + :code: python + + +.. include:: code/iup/iup.service + :code: systemd + diff --git a/content/20210609_python_pipe_args.rst b/content/20210609_python_pipe_args.rst @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Python pipe args +################ + +:date: 2021-06-09 22:08 +:category: Code +:author: Louis Holbrook +:tags: python,cli +:slug: python-pipe-args +:summary: Getting arguments as piped input or positionals +:lang: en +:status: draft + + +.. include:: code/python-pipe-atgs + :code: python diff --git a/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz b/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz Binary files differ. diff --git a/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/index.js b/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/index.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +module.exports = { + 'smth': smth, +} + +function smth() { + console.log('foo'); +} diff --git a/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/package.json b/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/foobarbarbar/package.json @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +{ + "name": "foobarbarbar", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "Foo repo", + "main": "index.js", + "author": "Foo Bar", + "license": "GPL3", +} diff --git a/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/ftp_package.json b/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/ftp_package.json @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ + "name": "foo", + "versions": { + "1.0.0": { + "name": "foo", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "Foo repo", + "main": "index.js", + "author": "", + "license": "ISC", + "dependencies": { + "bar": "0.0.1" + }, + "dist": { + "shasum": "30db46b324f1b99234d2492b68cb6f1794d82c79", + "tarball": "http://localhost/npm/foo/foo-1.0.0.tgz" + } + + } + } +} diff --git a/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/package.json b/content/code/docker-offline-3-npm/package.json @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ + "name": "foobarbarbar", + "versions": { + "1.0.0": { + "name": "foobarbarbar", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "Foo repo", + "main": "index.js", + "author": "Foo Bar", + "license": "GPL3", + "dist": { + "shasum": "2ccd68498ef5f2bfa00f0e1e59f44686fdb296ee", + "tarball": "http://10.1.2.1/npm/foobarbarbar-1.0.0.tgz" + } + + } + } +} diff --git a/content/code/iup/iup.service b/content/code/iup/iup.service @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +[Unit] +Description=Internet connection poller +After=multi-user.target + +[Service] +ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/iup.sh +Restart=always + +[Install] +WantedBy=multi-user.target diff --git a/content/code/iup/iup.sh b/content/code/iup/iup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +f="/run/user/$UID/probe_up" +rm -f $f + +up() { + #ip route | awk '{ if (/^default/) c=$5; if (c ~ /^tun/ ) { o="VPN"; c=0; } if ( c ~ /^wlp/ ) { o="CLEAR"; c=0; } } END { print o }' + #ip route | awk 'BEGIN { o="CLEAR";} { if ( /^0.0.0.0/ ) { if ($5 ~ /^tun/) { o="VPN"; c=""; } } } END { print o; }' >&3 + #truncate -s0 $f + #exec 3<>$f + #r=`ip route | awk 'BEGIN { o="CLEAR";} { if ( $2 ~ dev && $3 ~ /^tun/ ) o="VPN" } END { print o; }'` + #echo -e "\033[32m$r\033[39m" >&3 + #exec 3>&- + #exit 0 + if [ ! -f $f ]; then + logger -p info "iup up" + fi + touch $f +} +down() { + #truncate -s0 $f + #exec 3<>$f + #echo "DOWN" >&3 + #exec 3>&- + #exit 0 + if [ -f $f ]; then + logger -p info "iup down" + fi + rm -f $f +} + +argh() { + logger -p info "iup die" + rm -f $f + exit 0 +} + +IUP_DELAY=${IUP_DELAY:-$1} +if [ -z $IUP_DELAY ]; then + IUP_DELAY=5 +fi +logger -p debug iup started with delay $IUP_DELAY + +hosts=() +while read h; do + hosts+=($h) +done < $HOME/.config/iup 2> /dev/null +if [ ${#hosts[@]} -eq "0" ]; then + # use cnn, google as default + hosts=(8.8.8.8 151.101.193.67) + logger -p warn missing hosts input file, using default: ${hosts[@]} +fi + +trap argh SIGINT +trap argh SIGTERM +trap argh SIGQUIT + +while true; do + isup="" + for h in ${hosts[@]}; do + ping -c1 $h -w1 -q &> /dev/null + if [ $? -eq '0' ]; then + up + isup=1 + #logger -p debug "ping success $h" + break + fi + done + if [ -z $isup ]; then + down + fi + sleep $IUP_DELAY +done diff --git a/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_base.json b/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_base.json @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "name": "Foo", + "description": "Foo image", + "image": "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhDgARAKEDAAAAAOjqAPP1APDw8CH+EUNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBHSU1QACwAAAAADgARAAACO5wHqXdrClocodbUaGg34qoBHaJtl7VYIfqBZxepb5C6NBvbIlyucO6jPUIK1CMiSCYvDIVS4GhCJoYCADs=" + "attachments": [ + { + "name": "Bar", + "description": "Bar image", + "image": "data:image/gif;base64," + }, + { + "name": "Baz", + "description": "Baz image", + "image": "data:image/gif;base64," + } + ] +} diff --git a/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_swarm.json b/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/erc721_metadata_schema_swarm.json @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "name": "Foo", + "description": "Foo image", + "image": "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhDgARAKEDAAAAAOjqAPP1APDw8CH+EUNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBHSU1QACwAAAAADgARAAACO5wHqXdrClocodbUaGg34qoBHaJtl7VYIfqBZxepb5C6NBvbIlyucO6jPUIK1CMiSCYvDIVS4GhCJoYCADs=" + "alternatives": [ + { + "name": "Foo", + "description": "Foo image", + "image": "bzz:4b9149ee4550f2d786f9ba6584b79a30ee14ae05ff6e84a0f7c7561a14e3b779" + }, + { + "name": "Foo", + "description": "Foo image", + "image": "sha256:d036a4ce7f929b632256225b2bebd81bdd558d3bfe3d96faae61db664708c16f" + } + ] +} diff --git a/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/tohex.sol b/content/code/nft-tokenid-content/tohex.sol @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +contract NFT { + + uint256[] token; + mapping(uint256 => uint256) tokenIndex; // map token id to master token array index position + + [...] + + function tokenURI(uint256 _tokenId) public pure returns(string memory) { + bytes32 token_bytes; + bytes memory out; + uint8 t; + uint256 c; + + token_bytes = bytes32(token[tokenIndex[_tokenId]]); + + out = new bytes(64 + 7); + out[0] = "s"; + out[1] = "h"; + out[2] = "a"; + out[3] = "2"; + out[4] = "5"; + out[5] = "6"; + out[6] = ":"; + + c = 7; + for (uint256 i = 0; i < 32; i++) { + t = (uint8(_data[i]) & 0xf0) >> 4; + if (t < 10) { + out[c] = bytes1(t + 0x30); + } else { + out[c] = bytes1(t + 0x57); + } + t = uint8(_data[i]) & 0x0f; + if (t < 10) { + out[c+1] = bytes1(t + 0x30); + } else { + out[c+1] = bytes1(t + 0x57); + } + c += 2; + } + return string(out); + } +} diff --git a/content/code/python-pipe-args/stdinargs.py b/content/code/python-pipe-args/stdinargs.py @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +import sys +import select +import argparse + + def stdincheck(): + h = select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0) # 0 = poll, noblock + if len(h[0]) > 0: + v = h[0][0].read() + return v.rstrip() + return None + + argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + argparser.add_argument('val', nargs='?', default=stdincheck(), type=str, help='input val') + args = argparser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:]) + + if args.val == None: + argparser.error('value but be specified on stdin or as first positional argument') + + print(args.val) diff --git a/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare.c b/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare.c @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#include "string.h" + +extern unsigned char __heap_base; +extern void call_me_sometime(unsigned char *b); + +void foo() { + unsigned char *buf = (unsigned char*)&__heap_base; + *(buf+3) = 'b'; + *(buf+4) = 'a'; + *(buf+5) = 'r'; + call_me_sometime(buf); +} diff --git a/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare.js b/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare.js @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +const fs = require('fs'); + +const memory = new WebAssembly.Memory({initial: 2}); +const table = new WebAssembly.Table({initial: 3, element: 'anyfunc'}); +const importsObj = { + env: { + memory: memory, + __linear_memory: memory, + __indirect_function_table: table, + call_me_sometime: (n) => { + let a = new Uint8Array(memory.buffer, n, 9) + a.set([0x66, 0x6f, 0x6f], 0); + console.debug('heap is at: ' + n); + console.log('heap contains: ' + new TextDecoder().decode(a)); + }, + }, +} + +async function init() { + const code = fs.readFileSync('./bare.wasm'); + const m = new WebAssembly.Module(code); + const i = new WebAssembly.Instance(m, importsObj); + i.exports.foo(); +} +init(); diff --git a/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare_libc.c b/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare_libc.c @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +#ifdef HAVE_LIBC +#include <string.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#endif + +extern unsigned char __heap_base; +extern void call_me_sometime(unsigned char *b); + +void foo() { + +#ifdef HAVE_LIBC + unsigned char *buf; + buf = malloc(9); + memcpy(buf+3, "bazbar", 6); +#else + unsigned char *buf = (unsigned char*)&__heap_base; + *(buf+3) = 'b'; + *(buf+4) = 'a'; + *(buf+5) = 'r'; +#endif + call_me_sometime(buf); + +#ifdef HAVE_LIBC + free(buf); +#endif + +} diff --git a/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare_naive.js b/content/code/wasm-c-bare/bare_naive.js @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +const fs = require('fs'); + +const imports = {} + +async function init() { + const code = fs.readFileSync('./bare.wasm'); + const m = new WebAssembly.Module(code); + const i = new WebAssembly.Instance(m, imports); +} +init(); diff --git a/content/misc/docker-offline-npm/package.json b/content/misc/docker-offline-npm/package.json @@ -0,0 +1,1586 @@ +{ + "name": "ftp", + "versions": { + "0.1.0": { + "name": "ftp", + "version": "0.1.0", + "author": { + "name": "Brian White", + "email": "mscdex@mscdex.net" + }, + "description": "An FTP client module for node.js", + "main": "./ftp", + "engines": { + "node": ">=0.4.0" + }, + "keywords": [ + "ftp", + "client", + "transfer" + ], + "licenses": [ + { + "type": "MIT", + "url": "http://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/raw/master/LICENSE" + } + ], + "repository": { + "type": "git", + "url": "git://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp.git" + }, + "_id": "ftp@0.1.0", + "_engineSupported": true, + "_npmVersion": "0.3.18", + "_nodeVersion": "v0.4.5", + "directories": {}, + "files": [ + "" + ], + "_defaultsLoaded": true, + "dist": { + "shasum": "2966666b4cf967efffd85acf2ab42fe5e10bdb35", + "tarball": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ftp/-/ftp-0.1.0.tgz" + }, + "contributors": [] + }, + "0.1.1": { + "name": "ftp", + "version": "0.1.1", + "author": { + "name": "Brian White", + "email": "mscdex@mscdex.net" + }, + "description": "An FTP client module for node.js", + "main": "./ftp", + "engines": { + "node": ">=0.4.0" + }, + "keywords": [ + "ftp", + "client", + "transfer" + ], + "licenses": [ + { + "type": "MIT", + "url": "http://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp/raw/master/LICENSE" + } + ], + "repository": { + "type": "git", + "url": "git://github.com/mscdex/node-ftp.git" + }, + "_id": "ftp@0.1.1", + "_engineSupported": true, + "_npmVersion": "0.3.18", + "_nodeVersion": "v0.4.6", + "directories": {}, + 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Client = require('ftp');\n var fs = require('fs');\n\n var c = new Client();\n c.on('ready', function() {\n c.get('foo.txt', function(err, stream) {\n if (err) throw err;\n stream.once('close', function() { c.end(); });\n stream.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('foo.local-copy.txt'));\n });\n });\n // connect to localhost:21 as anonymous\n c.connect();\n```\n\n* Upload local file 'foo.txt' to the server:\n\n```javascript\n var Client = require('ftp');\n var fs = require('fs');\n\n var c = new Client();\n c.on('ready', function() {\n c.put('foo.txt', 'foo.remote-copy.txt', function(err) {\n if (err) throw err;\n c.end();\n });\n });\n // connect to localhost:21 as anonymous\n c.connect();\n```\n\n\nAPI\n===\n\nEvents\n------\n\n* **greeting**(< _string_ >msg) - Emitted after connection. `msg` is the text the server sent upon connection.\n\n* **ready**() - Emitted when connection and authentication were sucessful.\n\n* **close**(< _boolean_ >hadErr) - Emitted when the connection has fully closed.\n\n* **end**() - Emitted when the connection has ended.\n\n* **error**(< _Error_ >err) - Emitted when an error occurs. In case of protocol-level errors, `err` contains a 'code' property that references the related 3-digit FTP response code.\n\n\nMethods\n-------\n\n**\\* Note: As with the 'error' event, any error objects passed to callbacks will have a 'code' property for protocol-level errors.**\n\n* **(constructor)**() - Creates and returns a new FTP client instance.\n\n* **connect**(< _object_ >config) - _(void)_ - Connects to an FTP server. Valid config properties:\n\n * host - _string_ - The hostname or IP address of the FTP server. **Default:** 'localhost'\n\n * port - _integer_ - The port of the FTP server. **Default:** 21\n\n * secure - _mixed_ - Set to true for both control and data connection encryption, 'control' for control connection encryption only, or 'implicit' for implicitly encrypted control connection (this mode is deprecated in modern times, but usually uses port 990) **Default:** false\n\n * secureOptions - _object_ - Additional options to be passed to `tls.connect()`. **Default:** (none)\n\n * user - _string_ - Username for authentication. **Default:** 'anonymous'\n\n * password - _string_ - Password for authentication. **Default:** 'anonymous@'\n\n * connTimeout - _integer_ - How long (in milliseconds) to wait for the control connection to be established. **Default:** 10000\n\n * pasvTimeout - _integer_ - How long (in milliseconds) to wait for a PASV data connection to be established. **Default:** 10000\n\n * keepalive - _integer_ - How often (in milliseconds) to send a 'dummy' (NOOP) command to keep the connection alive. **Default:** 10000\n\n* **end**() - _(void)_ - Closes the connection to the server after any/all enqueued commands have been executed.\n\n* **destroy**() - _(void)_ - Closes the connection to the server immediately.\n\n### Required \"standard\" commands (RFC 959)\n\n* **list**([< _string_ >path, ][< _boolean_ >useCompression, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Retrieves the directory listing of `path`. `path` defaults to the current working directory. `useCompression` defaults to false. `callback` has 2 parameters: < _Error_ >err, < _array_ >list. `list` is an array of objects with these properties:\n\n * type - _string_ - A single character denoting the entry type: 'd' for directory, '-' for file (or 'l' for symlink on **\\*NIX only**).\n\n * name - _string_ - The name of the entry.\n\n * size - _string_ - The size of the entry in bytes.\n\n * date - _Date_ - The last modified date of the entry.\n\n * rights - _object_ - The various permissions for this entry **(*NIX only)**.\n\n * user - _string_ - An empty string or any combination of 'r', 'w', 'x'.\n\n * group - _string_ - An empty string or any combination of 'r', 'w', 'x'.\n\n * other - _string_ - An empty string or any combination of 'r', 'w', 'x'.\n \n * owner - _string_ - The user name or ID that this entry belongs to **(*NIX only)**.\n\n * group - _string_ - The group name or ID that this entry belongs to **(*NIX only)**.\n\n * target - _string_ - For symlink entries, this is the symlink's target **(*NIX only)**.\n\n * sticky - _boolean_ - True if the sticky bit is set for this entry **(*NIX only)**.\n\n* **get**(< _string_ >path, [< _boolean_ >useCompression, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Retrieves a file at `path` from the server. `useCompression` defaults to false. `callback` has 2 parameters: < _Error_ >err, < _ReadableStream_ >fileStream.\n\n* **put**(< _mixed_ >input, < _string_ >destPath, [< _boolean_ >useCompression, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Sends data to the server to be stored as `destPath`. `input` can be a ReadableStream, a Buffer, or a path to a local file. `useCompression` defaults to false. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **append**(< _mixed_ >input, < _string_ >destPath, [< _boolean_ >useCompression, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Same as **put()**, except if `destPath` already exists, it will be appended to instead of overwritten.\n\n* **rename**(< _string_ >oldPath, < _string_ >newPath, < _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Renames `oldPath` to `newPath` on the server. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **logout**(< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Logout the user from the server. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **delete**(< _string_ >path, < _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Deletes a file, `path`, on the server. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **cwd**(< _string_ >path, < _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Changes the current working directory to `path`. `callback` has 2 parameters: < _Error_ >err, < _string_ >currentDir. Note: `currentDir` is only given if the server replies with the path in the response text.\n\n* **abort**(< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Aborts the current data transfer (e.g. from get(), put(), or list()). `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **site**(< _string_ >command, < _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Sends `command` (e.g. 'CHMOD 755 foo', 'QUOTA') using SITE. `callback` has 3 parameters: < _Error_ >err, < _string >responseText, < _integer_ >responseCode.\n\n* **status**(< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Retrieves human-readable information about the server's status. `callback` has 2 parameters: < _Error_ >err, < _string_ >status.\n\n* **ascii**(< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Sets the transfer data type to ASCII. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **binary**(< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Sets the transfer data type to binary (default at time of connection). `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n### Optional \"standard\" commands (RFC 959)\n\n* **mkdir**(< _string_ >path, [< _boolean_ >recursive, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Creates a new directory, `path`, on the server. `recursive` is for enabling a 'mkdir -p' algorithm and defaults to false. `callback` has 1 parameter: < _Error_ >err.\n\n* **rmdir**(< _string_ >path, [< _boolean_ >recursive, ]< _function_ >callback) - _(void)_ - Removes a directory, `path`, on the server. 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type="application/ld+json">{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"http://schema.org","url":"https://gizmodo.com/i-tried-to-block-amazon-from-my-life-it-was-impossible-1830565336","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Kashmir Hill"}],"headline":"I Tried to Block Amazon From My Life. It Was Impossible","description":"Not even a custom-built VPN could stop Jeff Bezos's behemoth from slipping through the digital cracks.","dateline":"01/22/2019 at 11:45","datePublished":"2019-01-22T11:45:00-05:00","dateModified":"2019-02-10T23:04:05-05:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https://gizmodo.com/i-tried-to-block-amazon-from-my-life-it-was-impossible-1830565336"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"width":1200,"url":"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,pg_1,q_80,w_1200/bsqpiq54nzotifgm3ki7.jpg","thumbnail":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":180,"width":320,"url":"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_180,pg_1,q_80,w_320/bsqpiq54nzotifgm3ki7.jpg"}},"articleBody":"Week 1: Amazon\n\n\nApparently, I am a masochist.\n\nI am on a mission to live without the tech giants—to discover whether such a thing is even possible. Not just through sheer willpower but technologically, with the use of a custom-built tool that would literally prevent my devices from accessing these companies, and them from accessing me and my data.\n\nI start the experiment by eliminating the company I thought would be most challenging: the Everything Store.\n\nLike millions of other Americans, we use a lot of Amazon products in our house. We have an Echo, an Echo Dot, two Kindles, two Amazon Prime Chase credit cards, Amazon Prime Video on our TV, and two Prime accounts. (Note to self: Why are my husband and I each paying Amazon $119/year?) \n\n\nSo, suffice to say, Amazon is getting a good chunk of my money and a lot of my data. I alone average about $3,000 a year in purchases on Amazon.com. I’ve become such a loyal shopper that I barely know where else to go online to buy things. It’s the first place I head when I need something, anything—sheets, diapers, toilet paper, a Halloween costume, Bluetooth headphones, roulette cufflinks for a friend who likes to gamble. Basically, anytime I need a random material object, I open up the Amazon app on my phone.\n\nYes, fuck, I have Amazon’s app on my phone. I’m that addicted to this company. And I’m not alone: Amazon reportedly controls 50 percent of online commerce, which means half of all purchases made online in America, which is obscene.\n\nAmazon is not just an online store—that’s not even the hardest thing to cut out of my life. Its global empire also includes Amazon Web Services (AWS), the vast server network that provides the backbone for much of the internet, as well as Twitch.tv, the broadcasting behemoth that is the backbone of the online gaming industry, and Whole Foods, the organic backbone of the yuppie diet. \n\n\nKeeping myself from walking into a Whole Foods is easy enough, but I also want to stop using any of Amazon’s digital services, from Amazon.com (and its damn app) to any other websites or apps that use AWS to host their content. To do that, I enlist the help of a technologist, Dhruv Mehrotra, who built me a custom VPN through which to route my internet requests. The VPN blocks any traffic to or from an IP address controlled by Amazon. I connect my computers and my phone to the VPN at all times, as well as all the connected devices in my home; it’s supposed to weed out every single digital thing that Amazon touches.\n\nUltimately, though, we found Amazon was too huge to conquer.\n\nAWS is the internet’s largest cloud provider, generating 0ver $17 billion in revenue last year. Though Amazon makes much more in gross sales—over $100 billion—from its retail business, if you scrutinize its earnings reports, you’ll see that the majority of its profits come from AWS. Tech is where the money is, baby.\n\n\nLaunched in 2006, AWS has taken over vast swaths of the internet. My VPN winds up blocking over 23 million IP addresses controlled by Amazon, resulting in various unexpected casualties, from Motherboard and Fortune to the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s website. (Government agencies love AWS, which is likely why Amazon, soon to be a corporate Cerberus with three “headquarters,” chose Arlington, Virginia, in the D.C. suburbs, as one of them.) Many of the smartphone apps I rely on also stop working during the block.\n\n\nLuckily, Yale Law’s website works, so I can download antitrust expert Lina Khan’s 2017 paper making the argument that Amazon is a monopoly that American antitrust law, as it is currently practiced, is ill-equipped to regulate—essential reading for the week.\n\nWith the VPN up and running, I start to wonder why so many sites still work. Airbnb, for example, is a famed user of AWS, but I can search for a Thanksgiving vacation home there. I email Airbnb to ask if it still uses AWS for hosting, and a spokesperson confirms the company does. (I also could have confirmed it with this cool tool, which tells you about the digital provenance of a website.) \n\n\nThat’s how Dhruv and I discover a major flaw in our blocking technique. It turns out many sites, in addition to using a company like AWS to host their digital content, employ a secondary service called a content delivery network, or CDN, to load web pages faster.\n\nThe internet may seem like invisible vapor in the air around us, but it has a crucial physicality, too. AWS has huge buildings of servers around the world, while CDNs have a larger number of smaller ones. Think of AWS as the central warehouse for a site’s digital packets; the CDNs are the storefronts around the world that help people get the packets faster so that web visitors don’t have to wait for their data to come all the way from the main warehouse. \n\n\nAmazon runs its own CDN called Cloudfront, but it has fierce competition from other companies like Fastly, Cloudflare, and Akamai—which Airbnb appears to be using.\n\n\nIf a website uses AWS in combination with a non-Amazon CDN, my blocker sees the IP address used by the CDN and lets that AWS-hosted content slip through. When I check with Gizmodo Media Group’s tech team, I discover that our own sites are hosted by AWS and use Fastly as a CDN. Just like Airbnb, Gizmodo is sneaking past my blocker.\n\nStill, I am determined to block Amazon as much as possible. So in addition to having the VPN ban all IP addresses controlled by Amazon, I need to shut down the Amazon Echo and Echo Dot in our house. Connecting them to the VPN doesn’t work. I think about simply unplugging them, but I am worried someone might plug them back in. (My husband, for example, who refuses to do the block along with me on the grounds that he has a “real job.”)\n\n“Why don’t you just put them in a drawer?” asks Dhruv.\n\nIncredibly, this hadn’t occurred to me. The Echo has become such a fixture in the household, I hadn’t conceived of just putting it away. \n\n\nThat is a continuing revelation for me this week: Amazon is deeply embedded in my life. I use it repeatedly every single day whether I realize it or not. Without it, I cannot function normally.\n\nMy VPN winds up blocking over 23 million IP addresses controlled by Amazon, resulting in various unexpected casualties.\n\nHaving to run to a physical store rather than opening my Amazon app every time the house runs out of paper towels is annoying, but the harder challenge is losing access to almost every form of digital entertainment I consume. My favorite time-wasting app, Words With Friends, won’t load. I can’t watch shows via Amazon Video, obviously, but I also can’t watch Netflix because, despite being a competitor of Amazon, Netflix uses AWS to serve its streams. HBO Go is another victim.\n\nWhen my husband and I go for a run in Golden Gate Park, I discover I can’t record the run in my Runkeeper app without Amazon’s help. I also can’t download an audiobook from the library to my Axis360 app without AWS. Spotify is the last entertainment provider standing (for now), because its music lives in the Google cloud. Thank goog-ness.\n\nOn the second morning of the block, I hear my daughter in the living room with my husband screaming “Alessa, Alessa!” They forgot that the voice of the Amazon Echo, Alexa, has been banished from the house. The block is especially tough on my one-year-old daughter, Ellev, both because the Echo provides the sole source of music in our household and because Ellev is obsessed with three movies (Coco, Monsters Inc., and The Incredibles), all of which we usually watch either through Netflix or through videos purchased via Amazon.\n\nEllev is not happy about my experiment particularly because my long-winded explanations about why she can’t listen to “E-I-E-I-O” or watch “Incwedibles” make zero sense to her. The low point of the week is when she cries for the Incredibles for a solid five minutes one afternoon, though I manage to distract her, eventually, with puzzle pieces.\n\nIn addition to entertainment options going dark, basic tools of my work become unusable, notably the encrypted messaging app Signal and the workplace communication platform Slack.\n\n\nIt’s hard to convey how disruptive this is if you’re not a person who uses Slack at work; it tends to replace office meetings, emails, and phone calls. Without Slack, I basically have no idea what is going on at the office for the entirety of the Amazon-blocking week, and my colleagues have little idea what I am up to. \n\n\nThere is a psychological benefit to this. Slack’s purpose is to improve workplace communication, but it’s also a vehicle for workplace surveillance, made obvious by the green dot next to your name indicating whether you’re sitting at a keyboard at the ready, or an empty gray dot revealing your absence. By blocking Amazon, I don’t just dismantle Amazon’s surveillance of my life, I block my colleagues’ surveillance as well.\n\nGoing dark on the encrypted messaging app Signal is a hardship because I increasingly use it to communicate, not just with sources who have security concerns, but with my husband and my friends.\n\n\nI am actually surprised that Signal still uses AWS, because, at the beginning of 2018, AWS had threatened to stop hosting Signal because it was disguising its internet traffic to evade being shut down by repressive governments. Ultimately, Signal caved to Amazon’s demand because, as Signal founder Moxie Marlinspike tells me, there’s no good alternative.\n\nThe AWS block also breaks two apps that my daughter’s daycare uses to message us. However, a technological quirk allows some leakage from daycare land; the apps’ notifications come to my iPhone from Apple’s servers instead of Amazon’s, so I can still see updates coming in (“New potty for Ellev,” “New meal for Ellev”) even if I can’t check the app to see what my daughter is eating or excreting. \n\n\nMaybe that’s for the best. Our ability to get access to any information we want whenever we want has created some unhealthy data addictions.\n\nThe Amazon blocker takes down almost every form of digital entertainment I consume.\n\nThere are definite upsides to the week without Amazon. My husband and I break our habit of watching shows on Netflix at the end of the day, opting to read instead or indulge our newfound obsession with cribbage, a card game I had assumed was boring until I started playing it. Also, since we mostly use Signal to text each other, I find myself sending him fewer texts and instead talk to him about things IRL. \n\n\nWe also wean our daughter from much of her screen time, which means quality time playing with her or taking her to a playground rather than giving her a “movie treat.” I go running outside rather than doing my three miles on a treadmill watching Netflix. In general, having access to fewer parts of the internet makes me use technology less, which is increasingly my goal in life.\n\nBut cutting out Amazon also means severely limiting my ability to use one of our era’s crucial conversation tools: the language of links.\n\nI ask a friend where we are meeting for dinner, and she sends me a Yelp link, which I can’t open. Dhruv tells me he is busy working on “this,” and sends me a Motherboard link that doesn’t work. In the heaviest of shorthand communication, someone iMessages me an Eventbrite link; the share text indicates that their partner has succumbed in her fight against cancer, but I can’t access the Eventbrite page to confirm. (I turned off the VPN briefly to check it—it felt worth breaking the stunt.) \n\n\nWe speak in links, even for the most devastating of news, and tech giants have made themselves indispensable for link translation.\n\nDhruv keeps track of all the times my devices try to ping Amazon’s servers during the week. It happens nearly 300,000 times, probably in part because apps frustrated not to get a reply from the mothership keep pinging repeatedly until I close them. My devices try to reach Amazon via 3,800 different IP addresses, which suggests that there are a lot of different apps and websites attempting to connect to Amazon throughout the week.\n\nMy failure to succeed in a total Amazon ban doesn’t stop with the CDN problem. One day, my husband goes out to get lunch for us and comes back with sushi from Whole Foods. I eat a piece of inari before I remember I am consuming Amazon-produced food. (I am not willing to purge for the sake of the stunt.) \n\n\nAnother time I unintentionally patronize Amazon is when I realize we need a phone holder for our car, one of those little plastic things that attach to the air vents. I would usually immediately order a weird doodad, probably within two minutes of realizing I needed it, using the Amazon app on my phone, but not this week. I ultimately order it from eBay. When the package arrives, however, it is a yellow envelope with the tenacious “smile” logo alongside the words “Fulfillment by Amazon”—even the eBay seller relies on it.\n\n\nAmazon has embedded itself so thoroughly into the infrastructure of modern life, and into the business models of so many companies, including its competitors, that it’s nearly impossible to avoid it. \n\n\nDhruv kept track of all the times my devices tried to ping Amazon’s servers during the week. It happened nearly 300,000 times.\n\nIn her blockbuster academic article, Lina Khan, now a legal fellow at the Federal Trade Commission, argues that Amazon is breaking the spirit of antitrust law, but that regulators have failed to act because that law has evolved in a way to ignore monopolies if they result in immediate low costs to consumers. \n\n\nBut Khan says that our increasing reliance on Amazon in our everyday lives carries harms that we are only beginning to see, including Amazon being able to exploit its workers (who reportedly pee in bottles to keep up with the company’s punishing pace), being able to massively data-mine Americans whose activity it has vast access to (meaning it could charge different people different prices based on what it knows about them, which it experimented with in the past), and being able to kill off competitors who would otherwise offer consumers a variety of options and prices (R.I.P. Diapers.com).\n\nAmazon does not see itself as a monopoly. “There is an important difference between horizontal breadth and vertical depth,” said a spokesperson in a statement sent after this story was published. “We operate in a diverse range of businesses, from retail and entertainment to consumer electronics and technology services, and we have intense and well-established competition in each of these areas. Retail is our largest business and we represent less than 1% of global retail and around 4% of U.S. retail.”\n\nBut, based on my experience this week, I find Khan’s conclusions chilling and prescient, especially her points around Amazon’s luring third-party sellers to its site. That allows the sellers to make more money by providing access to Amazon customers in the short term, but Amazon slurps up these businesses’ data and can ultimately crush them with cheaper prices.\n\n\nGiven Amazon’s access to data about many, many businesses through hosting websites via AWS, it could be collecting similar competitive data on a vast scale. In fact, in the past, it has used insights gleaned from AWS to make investments in start-ups that it saw were doing gangbusters growth in its cloud.\n\n“I’d be stunned if AWS product managers aren’t using data from the usage patterns of their platform to decide with whom and how to build competitive products,” said Matthew Prince, who runs Cloudflare, one of the content delivery networks that frustrated my blocker this week. “They’ve done this relentlessly in retail, there’s no reason to think they won’t use the data from their platform to do the same with digital services. Companies that use AWS are feeding critical market data directly to the company that, almost certainly, will one day be their largest competitor.”\n\nAmazon did not respond to an inquiry about how it uses data gleaned through hosting other companies’ web offerings. \n\n\nUltimately, I learn that it’s simply not an option to block Amazon permanently. It’s technically impossible given the use of CDNs, and even if we could come up with a perfect block, it would wall me off from too many crucial services and key websites that I can’t function without for both personal and professional reasons. (To be totally honest, I just like watching television shows on demand too damn much.) I can’t give up Amazon completely, but it seems like there are other people and companies out there that should be trying very hard to do so.\n\nNext up: Facebook.\n\nThis series was supported by a grant to Dhruv Mehrotra from the Eyebeam Center for the Future of Journalism.\n\n\n\n","articleSection":"Goodbye Big Five","keywords":["blocking the tech giants","amazon","video"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org","name":"Gizmodo","url":"https://gizmodo.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://x.kinja-static.com/assets/images/logos/amp/logo-gizmodo-amp.png"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/gizmodo","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxFmw3IUMDUC1Hh7qDjtjZQ","https://twitter.com/gizmodo","https://instagram.com/gizmodo"]},"video":[{"@type":"VideoObject","@context":"https://schema.org","name":"Blocking the Tech Giants, Week 1: Amazon","contentUrl":"https://kinja-otfp.global.ssl.fastly.net/116221/116221_180p,270p,406p,720p,1080p.m3u8","description":"I spent six weeks blocking Amazon, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Apple from getting my money, data, and attention, using a custom-built VPN. Here’s what happened with Amazon.","duration":"PT553S","thumbnailUrl":["https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/lo1ez5ztjjkhenx0tgpa.jpg"],"uploadDate":"2019-01-17T14:10:00-05:00[America/New_York]"}]}</script><div class="sc-1b7600m-0 kdTLdU js_starterpost"><header class="e0r41v-0 fbWhc"><div class="gkv9lo-0 jIlCdC"><div class="gkv9lo-1 jRMTXL"><div class="gkv9lo-2 hUZwqA"><div class="js_video-wrapper" id="116221"><div><div class="srp5v4-0 ciTXDk"><div data-vjs-player="true" class="srp5v4-1 bzXdEx"><video class="video-js" muted="" playsinline="" poster="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_1600/lo1ez5ztjjkhenx0tgpa.jpg" width="100%" height="100%"></video></div><div role="button" class="srp5v4-2 cjhGGE"> + <div class="icon-wrapper"> + <svg class="icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="PlayFilled icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> + <path fill="white" d="M5.3 16.7c-1.1.7-2.3 0-2.3-1.3V2.6c0-1.4 1.2-2 2.3-1.3l9.9 6.3c1 .7 1 2 0 2.7l-9.9 6.4z"/> + </svg> + </div> +</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gkv9lo-3 eMVLRp"><div class="sc-1ombk85-1 lxopW"><div class="qsfpej-0 bIkJGf"><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Permalink meta","Story type click","https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"><span class="sc-1ombk85-0 cJBLJg"><span class="vxl3c2-0 bwJnjZ">Goodbye Big Five</span></span></a></div></div><h1 class="gkv9lo-4 PCsqk">I Tried to Block Amazon From My Life. It Was Impossible</h1></div></header><div class="sc-1b7600m-2 bmZlBt"><div class="sc-1b7600m-1 dqsDGm"><div class="sc-83o472-1 bAZwNf"><div class="sc-83o472-0 iYQxuq"><div class="sc-1jc3ukb-0 gKbuWQ"><div class="sc-1jc3ukb-1 flaMVg"><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Permalink meta","Author click","https://kinja.com/kashmirhill"]]" href="/author/kashmirhill"><div><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcSet="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_180,pg_1,q_80,w_320/rbh0o3kdvxucqporvizl.png 320w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_264,pg_1,q_80,w_470/rbh0o3kdvxucqporvizl.png 470w, https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_450,pg_1,q_80,w_800/rbh0o3kdvxucqporvizl.png 800w, 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class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Boilerplate - Story Type","view all click","https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five">Goodbye Big Five</a></span><span title="Goodbye Big Five" class="sc-1eu5fsj-2 lfYldH textbox-shadow"><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Boilerplate - Story Type","view all click","https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"><img src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_180,q_80,w_320/rdxcnz0ban3vivfm8ect.png" class="sc-1eu5fsj-1 jAIBUh"/></a></span><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-3 Wqznz"><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-4 sc-1eu5fsj-5 jcqSJA"><a href="https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five">Goodbye Big Five</a></span><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-7 hluOXr">Reporter Kashmir Hill spent six weeks blocking Amazon, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Apple from getting her money, data, and attention, using a custom-built VPN. Here’s what happened.</span><div class="sc-1eu5fsj-8 jGImsi content-summary__Pagination"><div class="sc-1eu5fsj-9 jQuhot"><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-10 sc-1eu5fsj-11 ewjZpa"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ChevronLeft icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.84 3.87a.5.5 0 1 0-.68-.74l-6 5.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0 .74l6 5.5a.5.5 0 1 0 .68-.74L6.24 9l5.6-5.13z"></path></svg></span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Boilerplate - Story Type","previous click","https://gizmodo.com/life-without-the-tech-giants-1830258056"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/life-without-the-tech-giants-1830258056">Prev</a></span><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-13 kgkwRa"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="Minus icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2.5 9.5h13a.5.5 0 1 0 0-1h-13a.5.5 0 0 0 0 1z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-10 sc-1eu5fsj-12 ghYQPR"><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Boilerplate - Story Type","next click","https://gizmodo.com/i-cut-facebook-out-of-my-life-surprisingly-i-missed-i-1830565456"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/i-cut-facebook-out-of-my-life-surprisingly-i-missed-i-1830565456">Next</a><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="ChevronRight icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.16 14.13a.5.5 0 1 0 .68.74l6-5.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-.74l-6-5.5a.5.5 0 1 0-.68.74L11.76 9l-5.6 5.13z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="sc-1eu5fsj-13 kgkwRa"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="Minus icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2.5 9.5h13a.5.5 0 1 0 0-1h-13a.5.5 0 0 0 0 1z"></path></svg></span></span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN js_link" data-ga="[["Boilerplate - Story Type","view all click","https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five"]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/c/goodbye-big-five">View All </a></div><div class="sc-1eu5fsj-9 jQuhot"></div></div></span></div><div id="js_movable-ads-post-contents"><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY"><strong>Week 1: Amazon</strong><br/></p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Apparently, I am a masochist.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">I am on a mission to <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://specialprojectsdesk.com/preview/life-without-the-tech-giants-1830258056",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://specialprojectsdesk.com/preview/life-without-the-tech-giants-1830258056" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">live without the tech giants</a></span>—to discover whether such a thing is even possible. Not just through sheer willpower but technologically, with the use of a custom-built tool that would literally prevent my devices from accessing these companies, and them from accessing me and my data.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">I start the experiment by eliminating the company I thought would be most challenging: the Everything Store.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Like millions of other Americans, we use a lot of Amazon products in our house. We have an Echo, an Echo Dot, two Kindles, two Amazon Prime Chase credit cards, Amazon Prime Video on our TV, and two Prime accounts. (Note to self: Why are my husband and I each paying Amazon $119/year?) <br/></p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">So, suffice to say, Amazon is getting a good chunk of my money and a lot of my data. I alone average about $3,000 a year in purchases on Amazon.com. I’ve become such a loyal shopper that I barely know where else to go online to buy things. It’s the first place I head when I need something, anything—sheets, diapers, toilet paper, a Halloween costume, Bluetooth headphones, roulette cufflinks for a friend who likes to gamble. Basically, anytime I need a random material object, I open up the Amazon app on my phone.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Yes, fuck, I have Amazon’s app on my phone. I’m <em>that</em> addicted to this company. And I’m not alone: Amazon reportedly <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/13/amazons-share-of-the-us-e-commerce-market-is-now-49-or-5-of-all-retail-spend/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/13/amazons-share-of-the-us-e-commerce-market-is-now-49-or-5-of-all-retail-spend/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">controls 50 percent of online commerce</a></span>, which means half of all purchases made online in America, which is obscene.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Amazon is not just an online store—that’s not even the hardest thing to cut out of my life. Its global empire also includes Amazon Web Services (AWS), the vast server network that provides the backbone for much of the internet, as well as Twitch.tv, the broadcasting behemoth that is the backbone of the online gaming industry, and Whole Foods, the organic backbone of the yuppie diet. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Keeping myself from walking into a Whole Foods is easy enough, but I also want to stop using any of Amazon’s digital services, from Amazon.com (and its damn app) to any other websites or apps that use AWS to host their content. To do that, I enlist the help of a technologist, Dhruv Mehrotra, who built me a custom VPN through which to route my internet requests. The VPN blocks any traffic to or from an IP address controlled by Amazon. I connect my computers and my phone to the VPN at all times, as well as all the connected devices in my home; it’s supposed to weed out every single digital thing that Amazon touches.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Ultimately, though, we found Amazon was too huge to conquer.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">AWS is the internet’s largest cloud provider, generating 0ver <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.businessinsider.com.au/amazon-web-services-2017-revenue-2018-2",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.businessinsider.com.au/amazon-web-services-2017-revenue-2018-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$17 billion in revenue last year</a></span>. Though Amazon makes much more in gross sales—over $100 billion—from its retail business, if you scrutinize its earnings reports, you’ll see that<strong> </strong>the <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-engine-for-amazon-earnings-growth-has-nothing-to-do-with-e-commerce-2018-04-26",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-engine-for-amazon-earnings-growth-has-nothing-to-do-with-e-commerce-2018-04-26" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">majority of its profits</a></span> come from AWS.<strong> </strong>Tech is where the money is, baby.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Launched in 2006, AWS has taken over vast swaths of the internet. My VPN winds up blocking over 23 million IP addresses controlled by Amazon, resulting in various unexpected casualties, from Motherboard and Fortune to the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s website. (Government agencies love AWS, which is likely why Amazon, soon to be a corporate Cerberus with three “headquarters,” chose Arlington, Virginia, in the D.C. suburbs, as one of them.) Many of the smartphone apps I rely on also stop working during the block.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Luckily, Yale Law’s website works, so I can download antitrust expert <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lina Khan’s 2017 paper</a></span> making the argument that Amazon is a monopoly that American antitrust law, as it is currently practiced, is ill-equipped to regulate—essential reading for the week.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">With the VPN up and running, I start to wonder why so many sites still work. Airbnb, for example, is <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Commerce","gizmodo - I Tried to Block Amazon From My Life. It Was Impossible",""]]" href="https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/airbnb/?ascsubtag=45ee0ae3f40421520b05e7bddc3f8b40fcb8ed29&tag=gizmodoamzn-20" target="_blank" data-amazonasin="" data-amazontag="gizmodoamzn-20" data-amazonsubtag="[t|link[p|1830565336[au|5876237249237034809[b|gizmodo[lt|text">a famed user</a></span> of AWS, but I can search for a Thanksgiving vacation home there. I email Airbnb to ask if it still uses AWS for hosting, and a spokesperson confirms the company does. (I also could have confirmed it with <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://securitytrails.com/domain/airbnb.com/dns",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://securitytrails.com/domain/airbnb.com/dns" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this cool tool</a></span>, which tells you about the digital provenance of a website.) <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">That’s how Dhruv and I discover a major flaw in our blocking technique. It turns out many sites, in addition to using a company like AWS to host their digital content, employ a secondary service called a content delivery network, or CDN, to load web pages faster.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">The internet may seem like invisible vapor in the air around us, but it has a crucial physicality, too. AWS has huge buildings of servers around the world, while CDNs have a larger number of smaller ones. Think of AWS as the central warehouse for a site’s digital packets; the CDNs are the storefronts around the world that help people get the packets faster so that web visitors don’t have to wait for their data to come all the way from the main warehouse. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Amazon runs its own CDN called <!-- -->Cloudfront<!-- -->, but it has fierce competition from other companies like Fastly, Cloudflare, and Akamai—which Airbnb appears to be using.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">If a website uses AWS in combination with a non-Amazon CDN, my blocker sees the IP address used by the CDN and lets that AWS-hosted content slip through. When I check with Gizmodo Media Group’s tech team, I discover that our own sites are hosted by AWS and use Fastly as a CDN. Just like Airbnb, Gizmodo is sneaking past my blocker.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Still, I am determined to block Amazon as much as possible. So in addition to having the VPN ban all IP addresses controlled by Amazon, I need to shut down the Amazon Echo and Echo Dot in our house. Connecting them to the VPN doesn’t work. I think about simply unplugging them, but I am worried someone might plug them back in. (My husband, for example, who refuses to do the block along with me on the grounds that he has a “real job.”)</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">“Why don’t you just put them in a drawer?” asks Dhruv.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Incredibly, this hadn’t occurred to me. The Echo has become such a fixture in the household, I hadn’t conceived of just putting it away. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">That is a continuing revelation for me this week: Amazon is deeply embedded in my life. I use it repeatedly every single day whether I realize it or not. Without it, I cannot function normally.</p><aside class="o6p93a-0 eGvvya"><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span><span class="a3cloy-0 hQOwaZ">My VPN winds up blocking over 23 million IP addresses controlled by Amazon, resulting in various unexpected casualties.</span><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span></aside><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Having to run to a physical store rather than opening my Amazon app every time the house runs out of paper towels is annoying, but the harder challenge is losing access to almost every form of digital entertainment I consume. My favorite time-wasting app, Words With Friends, won’t load. I can’t watch shows via Amazon Video, obviously, but I also can’t watch Netflix because, despite being a competitor of Amazon, Netflix uses AWS to serve its streams. HBO Go is another victim.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">When my husband and I go for a run in Golden Gate Park, I discover I can’t record the run in my Runkeeper app without Amazon’s help. I also can’t download an audiobook from the library to my Axis360 app without AWS. Spotify is the last entertainment provider standing (for now<!-- -->),<!-- --> because its music lives in the <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.wired.com/2016/02/spotify-moves-itself-onto-googles-cloud-lucky-for-google/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/spotify-moves-itself-onto-googles-cloud-lucky-for-google/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google cloud</a></span>. Thank goog-ness.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">On the second morning of the block, I hear my daughter in the living room with my husband screaming “Alessa, Alessa!” They forgot that the voice of the Amazon Echo, <em>Alexa</em>, has been banished from the house. The block is especially tough on my one-year-old daughter, Ellev, both because the Echo provides the sole source of music in our household and because Ellev is obsessed with three movies (<em>Coco</em>, <em>Monsters Inc.</em>, and <em>The Incredibles), </em>all of which we usually watch either through Netflix or through videos purchased via Amazon.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Ellev is not happy about my experiment particularly because my long-winded explanations about why she can’t listen to “E-I-E-I-O” or watch “<!-- -->Incwedibles<!-- -->” make zero sense to her. The low point of the week is when she cries for the Incredibles for a solid five minutes one afternoon, though I manage to distract her, eventually, with puzzle pieces.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">In addition to entertainment options going dark, basic tools of my work become unusable, notably the encrypted messaging app Signal and the workplace communication platform Slack.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">It’s hard to convey how disruptive this is if you’re not a person who uses Slack at work; it tends to replace office meetings, emails, and phone calls. Without Slack, I basically have no idea what is going on at the office for the entirety of the Amazon-blocking week, and my colleagues have little idea what I am up to. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">There is a psychological benefit to this. Slack’s purpose is to improve workplace communication, but it’s also a vehicle for workplace surveillance, made obvious by the green dot next to your name indicating whether you’re sitting at a keyboard at the ready, or an empty gray dot revealing your absence. By blocking Amazon, I don’t just dismantle Amazon’s surveillance of my life, I block my colleagues’ surveillance as well.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Going dark on the encrypted messaging app Signal is a hardship because I increasingly use it to communicate, not just with sources who have security concerns, but with my husband and my friends.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">I am actually surprised that Signal still uses AWS, because, at the beginning of 2018, AWS had <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://gizmodo.com/amazon-bends-the-knee-to-autocrats-threatens-to-cut-of-1825697153",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/amazon-bends-the-knee-to-autocrats-threatens-to-cut-of-1825697153">threatened to stop hosting Signal</a></span> because it was disguising its internet traffic to evade being shut down by repressive governments. Ultimately, Signal caved to Amazon’s demand because, as Signal founder Moxie Marlinspike tells me, there’s no good alternative.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">The AWS block also breaks two apps that my daughter’s daycare uses to message us. However, a technological quirk allows some leakage from daycare land; the apps’ notifications come to my iPhone from Apple’s servers instead of Amazon’s, so I can still see updates coming in (“New potty for Ellev,” “New meal for Ellev”) even if I can’t check the app to see what my daughter is eating or excreting. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Maybe that’s for the best. Our ability to get access to any information we want whenever we want has created some unhealthy data addictions.</p><aside class="o6p93a-0 eGvvya"><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span><span class="a3cloy-0 hQOwaZ">The Amazon blocker takes down almost every form of digital entertainment I consume.</span><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span></aside><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">There are definite upsides to the week without Amazon. My husband and I break our habit of watching shows on Netflix at the end of the day, opting to read instead or indulge our newfound obsession with cribbage, a card game I had assumed was boring until I started playing it. Also, since we mostly use Signal to text each other, I find myself sending him fewer texts and instead talk to him about things IRL. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">We also wean our daughter from much of her screen time, which means quality time playing with her or taking her to a playground rather than giving her a “movie treat.” I go running outside rather than doing my three miles on a treadmill watching Netflix. In general, having access to fewer parts of the internet makes me use technology less, which is increasingly my goal in life.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">But cutting out Amazon also means severely limiting my ability to use one of our era’s crucial conversation tools: the language of links.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">I ask a friend where we are meeting for dinner, and she sends me a Yelp link, which I can’t open. Dhruv tells me he is busy working on “this,” and sends me <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/gye79x/google-earth-stopped-mapping-this-military-installation",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/gye79x/google-earth-stopped-mapping-this-military-installation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a Motherboard link </a></span>that doesn’t work. In the heaviest of shorthand communication, someone iMessages me an Eventbrite link; the share text indicates that their partner has succumbed in her fight against cancer, but I can’t access the Eventbrite page to confirm. (I turned off the VPN briefly to check it—it felt worth breaking the stunt.) <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">We speak in links, even for the most devastating of news, and tech giants have made themselves indispensable for link translation.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Dhruv keeps track of all the times my devices try to ping Amazon’s servers during the week. It happens nearly 300,000 times, probably in part because apps frustrated not to get a reply from the mothership <!-- -->keep<!-- --> pinging repeatedly until I close them. My devices try to reach Amazon via 3,800 different IP addresses, which suggests that there are a lot of different apps and websites attempting to connect to Amazon throughout the week.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">My failure to succeed in a total Amazon ban doesn’t stop with the CDN problem. One day, my husband goes out to get lunch for us and comes back with sushi from Whole Foods. I eat a piece of inari before I remember I am consuming Amazon-produced food. (I am not willing to purge for the sake of the stunt.) <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Another time I unintentionally patronize Amazon is when I realize we need a phone holder for our car, one of those little plastic things that attach to the air vents. I would usually immediately order a weird doodad, probably within two minutes of realizing I needed it, using the Amazon app on my phone, but not this week. I ultimately order it from eBay. When the package arrives, however, it is a yellow envelope with the tenacious “smile” logo alongside the words “Fulfillment by Amazon”—even the eBay seller relies on it.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Amazon has embedded itself so thoroughly into the infrastructure of modern life, and into the business models of so many companies, including its competitors, that it’s nearly impossible to avoid it. <br/></p><aside class="o6p93a-0 eGvvya"><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span><span class="a3cloy-0 hQOwaZ">Dhruv kept track of all the times my devices tried to ping Amazon’s servers during the week. It happened nearly 300,000 times.</span><span class="sc-196v4ms-0 hTaXkp" contenteditable="false"></span></aside><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">In her <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">blockbuster academic article</a></span>, Lina Khan, now a legal fellow at the Federal Trade Commission, argues that Amazon is breaking the spirit of antitrust law, but that regulators have failed to act because that law has evolved in a way to ignore monopolies if they result in immediate low costs to consumers. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">But Khan says that our increasing reliance on Amazon in our everyday lives carries harms that we are only beginning to see, including Amazon being able to exploit its workers (who <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6055021/rushed-amazon-warehouse-staff-time-wasting/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6055021/rushed-amazon-warehouse-staff-time-wasting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">reportedly pee in bottles</a></span> to keep up with the company’s punishing pace), being able to massively data-mine Americans whose activity it has vast access to (meaning it could charge different people different prices based on what it knows about them, which it <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.computerworld.com/article/2597093/retail-it/amazon-charging-different-prices-on-some-dvds.html",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2597093/retail-it/amazon-charging-different-prices-on-some-dvds.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">experimented with in the past</a></span>), and being able to kill off competitors who would otherwise offer consumers a variety of options and prices (R.I.P. <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://slate.com/technology/2013/10/amazon-book-how-jeff-bezos-went-thermonuclear-on-diapers-com.html",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://slate.com/technology/2013/10/amazon-book-how-jeff-bezos-went-thermonuclear-on-diapers-com.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Diapers.com</a></span>).</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Amazon does not see itself as a monopoly. “There is an important difference between horizontal breadth and vertical depth,” said a spokesperson in a statement sent after this story was published. “We operate in a diverse range of businesses, from retail and entertainment to consumer electronics and technology services, and we have intense and well-established competition in each of these areas. Retail is our largest business and we represent less than 1% of global retail and around 4% of U.S. retail.”</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">But, based on my experience this week, I find Khan’s conclusions chilling and prescient, especially her points around Amazon’s luring third-party sellers to its site. That allows the sellers to make more money by providing access to Amazon customers in the short term, but Amazon slurps up these businesses’ data and can ultimately <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.foxnews.com/tech/amazon-basics-is-killing-every-category-it-touches-including-batteries",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/amazon-basics-is-killing-every-category-it-touches-including-batteries" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">crush them</a></span> with cheaper prices.<br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Given Amazon’s access to data about many, many businesses through hosting websites via AWS, it could be collecting similar competitive data on a vast scale. In fact, in the past, it has used insights gleaned from AWS to make <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","http://www.reuters.com/article/amazon-cloud-idUSN1E7A727Q20111109",{"metric25":1}]]" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/amazon-cloud-idUSN1E7A727Q20111109" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">investments in start-ups that it saw were doing gangbusters growth in its cloud</a></span>.</p><div class="bxm4mm-15 BiRlJ js_movable_ad_slot"><div class="bxm4mm-17 dJGqTR"><label class="bxm4mm-16 evEDSN">Advertisement</label><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-MID_BANNER ad-middleboard" data-ad-unit="MID_BANNER" data-targeting="{"pos":"mid_banner"}"></div><div class="bt-wrapper"><span data-uid="5d1b8a6cd5-384" class="bt-uid-tg" style="display:none !important;text-align:center" data-css-selector="ad-container.ad-middleboard"></span></div></div></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">“I’d be stunned if AWS product managers aren’t using data from the usage patterns of their platform to decide with whom and how to build competitive products,” said Matthew Prince, who runs Cloudflare, one of the content delivery networks that frustrated my blocker this week. “They’ve done this relentlessly in retail, there’s no reason to think they won’t use the data from their platform to do the same with digital services. Companies that use AWS are feeding critical market data directly to the company that, almost certainly, will one day be their largest competitor.”</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Amazon did not respond to an inquiry about how it uses data gleaned <!-- -->through<!-- --> hosting other companies’ web offerings. <br/></p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Ultimately, I learn that it’s simply not an option to block Amazon permanently. It’s technically impossible given the use of CDNs, and even if we could come up with a perfect block, it would wall me off from too many crucial services and key websites that I can’t function without for both personal and professional reasons. (To be totally honest, I just like watching television shows on demand too damn much.) I can’t give up Amazon completely, but it seems like there are other people and companies out there that should be trying very hard to do so.</p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">Next up: <span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","Internal link","https://gizmodo.com/i-cut-facebook-out-of-my-life-surprisingly-i-missed-i-1830565456",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://gizmodo.com/i-cut-facebook-out-of-my-life-surprisingly-i-missed-i-1830565456">Facebook</a></span>.</p><div class="wdg44t-8 dLnlzm js_newsletter-form-inline"></div><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY"><em>This series was supported by a grant to Dhruv Mehrotra from the</em><span><a class="sc-1out364-0 hMndXN sc-145m8ut-0 kVnoAv js_link" data-ga="[["Embedded Url","External link","https://www.eyebeam.org/what-we-do/",{"metric25":1}]]" href="https://www.eyebeam.org/what-we-do/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em> Eyebeam Center for the Future of Journalism.</em></a></span><br/><br/></p></div></div><div class="sc-1ib37xr-0 bgezzh"><div class="sc-1ib37xr-2 jDNXut"><div class="sc-1ib37xr-1 jLGzpe"><div class="sc-1ib37xr-3 RhQju"><a data-ga="[["Author Bio click","Author name"]]" href="/author/kashmirhill" class="sc-1ib37xr-4 cFoCAT">Kashmir Hill</a><div class="sc-1ib37xr-5 jelKu"><a href="/author/kashmirhill" data-ga="[["Author Bio click","Posts"]]" class="peggds-2 lfYBFc"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="Kinja icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M2.9 8.3c.7.2 1.4 1 1.7 1.5l3 4.9A2.4 2.4 0 0 0 9.7 16H14s-3-5.4-4-6.8C9.4 8.2 8.6 8 7.7 8H2s1-1 3-1h6.6c1.4 0 2-.7 2.4-1.2L16 2H7c-1.2 0-1.7.6-2.2 1.4L2 8v.1l.9.2z"></path></svg></span><label class="peggds-0 eZRbSg">Posts</label></a><a href="mailto:kashmir.hill@gizmodomedia.com" data-ga="[["Author Bio click","Email"]]" class="peggds-2 lfYBFc"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="MailFilled icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17 5v8a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5c0-.12.01-.24.03-.35L8.7 10.4a.5.5 0 0 0 .6 0l7.67-5.75c.02.11.03.23.03.35zm-2-2a2 2 0 0 1 1.54.72L9 9.37 1.46 3.72A2 2 0 0 1 3 3h12z"></path></svg></span><label class="peggds-0 eZRbSg">Email</label></a><a href="https://twitter.com/kashhill" data-ga="[["Author Bio click","Twitter"]]" class="peggds-2 lfYBFc"><span class="iyvn34-0 bYIjtl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" aria-label="Twitter icon" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.46 1.13c-2.04 0-3.7 1.78-3.7 3.97 0 .31.04.62.1.9a10.26 10.26 0 0 1-7.6-4.15A4.2 4.2 0 0 0 2.4 7.16a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-1.68-.5v.05a3.92 3.92 0 0 0 2.97 3.9 3.45 3.45 0 0 1-1.67.07 3.74 3.74 0 0 0 3.45 2.76A7.08 7.08 0 0 1 0 15.1a9.92 9.92 0 0 0 5.66 1.79c6.8 0 10.5-6.06 10.5-11.32v-.51A7.85 7.85 0 0 0 18 2.99c-.66.32-1.37.53-2.12.63a3.95 3.95 0 0 0 1.62-2.2c-.71.45-1.5.78-2.34.96a3.57 3.57 0 0 0-2.7-1.25"></path></svg></span><label class="peggds-0 eZRbSg">Twitter</label></a></div></div><p class="sc-1ib37xr-6 ftEmcV">Kashmir Hill is the deputy editor for the Special Projects Desk, which produces investigative work across all of Gizmodo Media Group's web sites. 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class="gs34tp-0 hYjyYh"><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">This is why it’s so scary to be one of the people that are banned from Amazon for doing too many returns. Just google that because the horror stories are real. </p><p class="sc-77igqf-0 bOfvBY">I got a message last year from Amazon asking if I was having problems with their service because I had so many returns and I think it was code for “We’re watching you, one more return and you’re banned” so I am now afraid to buy anything from Amazon that I would even half consider returning. THAT is how powerful Amazon has become!</p></div><button class="j48i5d-2 huUfNr gs34tp-1 fvDBog js_comments-button--show"><div class="j48i5d-1 fuDdQ"><span class="j48i5d-0 keLEgo">See all replies</span></div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-73739c-3 cQhMko"><div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails" class="sc-73739c-2 gaZVrz"></div></div><div class="sc-1bdg1q0-0 eRJXHT js_sticky-footer"><div class="sc-1bdg1q0-1 wircm js_ad-sticky-footer"></div></div></div></div></div><div is="bulbs-dfp" class="ad-container dfp dfp-slot-INFINITE_PROMOTION ad-infinite-promotion" data-ad-unit="INFINITE_PROMOTION" data-pp-position="scroll" data-targeting="{"pos":"scroll","pp_position":"scroll"}"></div><div class="js_reading-list"></div><div class="sc-1cfejv7-0 hLOPcM js_subscribe"></div><div class="js_footer-container"></div><div class="js_lightbox-container"></div></div><script id="render-data" type="application/json">{"blog":{"id":"4","name":"gizmodo","displayName":"Gizmodo","canonicalHostOriginal":"gizmodo.com","hosts":["hoptech431.gizmodo.com","lego.gizmodo.com","throb.gizmodo.com","ca.gizmodo.com","gizmodo.kinja.com","i.gizmodo.com","wearables.gizmodo.com","truecrime.io9.com","bite.gizmodo.com","animals.io9.com","doctorwhoio9.kinja.com","reframe.gizmodo.com","doctorwho.io9.com","fieldguide.gizmodo.com","indefinitelywild.gizmodo.com","live.gizmodo.com","animals.kinja.com","education.gizmodo.com","doctorwho.gizmodo.com","nl.gizmodo.com","homeofthefuture.gizmodo.com","southland.gizmodo.com","toybox.io9.com","20khz.gizmodo.com","animation.gizmodo.com","education.kinja.com","foodlab.gizmodo.com","animalsx.kinja.com","backalley.gizmodo.com","toybox.gizmodo.com","toybox.kinja.com","au.gizmodo.com","space.io9.com","offworld.gizmodo.com","old.gizmodo.com","fetch.gizmodo.com","truecrimeio9.kinja.com","animation.io9.com","truecrime.gizmodo.com","001.gizmodo.com","disquiet.gizmodo.com","www.gizmodo.com","gizmodo.in","gizmodo.co.in","space.gizmodo.com","assets.gizmodo.com","io9education.kinja.com","ru.gizmodo.com","m.gizmodo.com","education.io9.com","blog.gizmodo.com","gifmodo.gizmodo.com","animals.gizmodo.com","upgrade.gizmodo.com","reviews.gizmodo.com","us.gizmodo.com","ces.gizmodo.com","animation.kinja.com","toyland.gizmodo.com","sploid.gizmodo.com","pl.gizmodo.com","upgrade.io9.com","factually.gizmodo.com","br.gizmodo.com","upgrade.kinja.com"],"status":"ENABLED","timezone":"America/New_York","timezoneOffset":-14400000,"createTimeMillis":1354577350531,"ownerId":"5778843333877375210","description":"We come from the future","properties":{"logoLink":"https://x.kinja-static.com/assets/images/logos/newsletter/gizmodo-500px.png","aboutPostId":5732042,"recircGroup":"fmgNonSatire","twitterScreenName":"gizmodo","channelPageMetaDescription":"Everything you ever wanted to know about {channel}. 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providers in Q4 2020.", + "articleBody": "Having established itself as an early leader in the market for cloud infrastructure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), the online retailer’s profitable cloud platform, is still ahead of the pack. According to estimates from Synergy Research Group, Amazon’s market share in the worldwide cloud infrastructure market amounted to 32 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020, still exceeding the combined market share of its two largest competitors, Microsoft and Google.In Q4 2020, global cloud infrastructure service revenues amounted to $37 billion, bringing the total for the past twelve months to $129 billion. "2020 ended with a bang for the cloud market, as the sequential jump of $4 billion from Q3 easily set a new record for cloud providers’ incremental revenue growth," said John Dinsdale, Chief Analyst at Synergy Research Group. "This is also a market which has proven to be immune to COVID-19. 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9.5H20.0585C20.9193 9.5 21.6836 10.0509 21.9558 10.8675L22.4477 12.3432C22.4789 12.4368 22.5666 12.5 22.6653 12.5H23.5C24.0523 12.5 24.5 12.9477 24.5 13.5C24.5 14.0523 24.0523 14.5 23.5 14.5H22.5L22.8416 14.6708C23.858 15.179 24.5 16.2178 24.5 17.3541V18.9C24.5 19.7837 23.7837 20.5 22.9 20.5C22.6791 20.5 22.5 20.6791 22.5 20.9V22C22.5 22.2761 22.2761 22.5 22 22.5H20C19.7239 22.5 19.5 22.2761 19.5 22V21C19.5 20.7239 19.2761 20.5 19 20.5H13C12.7239 20.5 12.5 20.7239 12.5 21V22C12.5 22.2761 12.2761 22.5 12 22.5H10C9.72386 22.5 9.5 22.2761 9.5 22V20.9C9.5 20.6791 9.32091 20.5 9.1 20.5C8.21634 20.5 7.5 19.7837 7.5 18.9V17.3541C7.5 16.2178 8.14201 15.179 9.15836 14.6708L9.5 14.5H8.5C7.94772 14.5 7.5 14.0523 7.5 13.5C7.5 12.9477 7.94772 12.5 8.5 12.5Z M11.5 14.5H20.5 M 21, 17.5 a 0.5,0.5 0 1,0 1,0 a 0.5,0.5 0 1,0 -1,0 M 10, 17.5 a 0.5,0.5 0 1,0 1,0 a 0.5,0.5 0 1,0 -1,0" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><div class="navMain__subnavTextWrapper"><p class="text-bold">Mobility Market Outlook </p><p class="text-normal text-color--gray">Key topics in mobility</p></div></a></li><li + class="flex__item width33" + role="none"><a + href="/outlook/technology-outlook" + role="menuitem" + class="navMain__subnavBlock" + data-gtm="navMain__reports--tmo"><div class="navMain__subnavIcon"><svg class="outlookClusterIcon outlookClusterIcon--tmo outlookClusterIcon--small margin-bottom-5" + viewBox="0 0 32 32" + preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" + width="32" + height="32" + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" + aria-hidden="true"><title>Technology Market Outlook</title><circle class="outlookClusterIcon__backgroundCircle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="outlookClusterIcon__iconPath" d="M24 19.5H8C7.58798 19.5 7.35279 19.9704 7.6 20.3L8.05 20.9C8.33328 21.2777 8.77786 21.5 9.25 21.5H22.75C23.2221 21.5 23.6667 21.2777 23.95 20.9L24.4 20.3C24.6472 19.9704 24.412 19.5 24 19.5Z M9.5 19.5V12C9.5 11.1716 10.1716 10.5 11 10.5H21C21.8284 10.5 22.5 11.1716 22.5 12V19.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><div class="navMain__subnavTextWrapper"><p class="text-bold">Technology Market Outlook </p><p class="text-normal text-color--gray">Insights into the world's most important technology markets</p></div></a></li><li + class="flex__item width33" + role="none"><a + href="/outlook/health-markets" + role="menuitem" + class="navMain__subnavBlock" + data-gtm="navMain__reports--hmo"><div class="navMain__subnavIcon"><svg class="outlookClusterIcon outlookClusterIcon--hmo outlookClusterIcon--small margin-bottom-5" + viewBox="0 0 32 32" + preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" + width="32" + height="32" + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" + aria-hidden="true"><title>Health Market Outlook</title><circle class="outlookClusterIcon__backgroundCircle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="outlookClusterIcon__iconPath" d="M12 9.5C14 9.5 15 11 16 13C17 11 18 9.5 20 9.5C22.2812 9.5 24.5 11.5 24.5 14.5C24.5 18 19.5 22.5 16 24.5C12.5 22.5 7.5 18 7.5 14.5C7.5 11.5 9 9.5 12 9.5Z" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><div class="navMain__subnavTextWrapper"><p class="text-bold">Health Market Outlook <span class="navMain__subnavTextBadge flatBadge flatBadge--blue margin-left-5"> + New + </span></p><p class="text-normal text-color--gray">Insights into the world’s most important health markets</p></div></a></li><li + class="flex__item width33" + role="none"><a + href="/outlook/advertising-media" + role="menuitem" + class="navMain__subnavBlock" + data-gtm="navMain__reports--amo"><div class="navMain__subnavIcon"><svg class="outlookClusterIcon outlookClusterIcon--amo outlookClusterIcon--small margin-bottom-5" + viewBox="0 0 32 32" + preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" + width="32" + height="32" + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" + aria-hidden="true"><title>Advertising & Media Outlook</title><circle class="outlookClusterIcon__backgroundCircle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path class="outlookClusterIcon__iconPath" d="M14.4093 12.5H8C7.72386 12.5 7.5 12.7239 7.5 13V17C7.5 17.2761 7.72386 17.5 8 17.5H14.4093C14.4693 17.5 14.5288 17.5108 14.5849 17.5318L21.8244 20.2467C22.1513 20.3692 22.5 20.1276 22.5 19.7785V10.2215C22.5 9.8724 22.1513 9.63076 21.8244 9.75334L14.5849 12.4682C14.5288 12.4892 14.4693 12.5 14.4093 12.5Z M14.5 12.5V17.5 M9.5 17.5L10.4196 22.0981C10.4664 22.3318 10.6716 22.5 10.9099 22.5H12C12.2761 22.5 12.5 22.2761 12.5 22V17.5 M24.5 13.5V16.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><div class="navMain__subnavTextWrapper"><p class="text-bold">Advertising & Media Outlook </p><p class="text-normal text-color--gray">Figures and insights about the advertising and media world</p></div></a></li><li + class="flex__item width33" + role="none"><a + href="/outlook/industry-outlook" + role="menuitem" + class="navMain__subnavBlock" + data-gtm="navMain__reports--io"><div 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class="article__editor"><span>by </span><address class="infographic__author"><a rel="author" href="mailto:felix.richter@statista.com">Felix Richter</a>, + </address> + + </div><time class="infographic__date infographic__date--published" datetime="2021-02-04" title="February 4th, 2021"> + Feb 4, 2021 + </time><div class="article__topic showMobile"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> + Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) + </div></footer></div><div class="row margin-bottom-15"><div class="width70 padding-right-15"><div class="article__contentText"><p><div id="dc-content" class="float-right hideMobile margin-left-20 margin-bottom-10"></div><p>Having established itself as an early leader in the market for cloud infrastructure, <a href="/topics/4418/amazon-web-services/" target="_blank">Amazon Web Services</a> (AWS), the online retailer’s <a href="/chart/9174/amazon-operating-profit/" target="_blank">profitable</a> cloud platform, is still ahead of the pack. According to estimates from <a href="https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/cloud-market-ends-2020-high-while-microsoft-continues-gain-ground-amazon" target="_blank">Synergy Research Group</a>, Amazon’s market share in the worldwide cloud infrastructure market amounted to 32 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020, still exceeding the combined market share of its two largest competitors, Microsoft and Google.</p><p>In Q4 2020, global cloud infrastructure service revenues amounted to $37 billion, bringing the total for the past twelve months to $129 billion. "2020 ended with a bang for the cloud market, as the sequential jump of $4 billion from Q3 easily set a new record for cloud providers’ incremental revenue growth," said John Dinsdale, Chief Analyst at Synergy Research Group. "This is also a market which has proven to be immune to COVID-19. If anything, the pandemic has helped to highlight some of the main benefits of public cloud."</p><p>As the following chart shows, Amazon and Microsoft accounted for more than half of cloud infrastructure revenues in Q4 2020, with the eight largest providers controlling roughly 80 percent of the market.</p></p></div></div><div class="width30 padding-left-15 hideMobile"><div class="article__contentEditor"><div class="box contactBox sidebar float-s--none"><div class="contactBox"><div class="img"><img src="https://cdn.statcdn.com/contactPerson/367.jpg" alt="Felix Richter" + width="72" height="72" data-hideonerror/></div><div class="cInfo"><div class="contactName" itemprop="author"> + Felix Richter + </div><div class="contactTitle"> + Data Journalist + </div><div><span class="mail"><a href="mailto:felix.richter@statista.com" + > + felix.richter@statista.com + </a></span><span class="phone"> + +49 (40) 284 841 557 + </span></div><p class="contactWorkingHours"></p></div><div class="clear"></div></div></div></div><div class="article__relativeStatistatic margin-top-15"></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="article__contentGraphic panel-box panelBox--noPadding width100"><div class="row flex"><div class="flex_item width70 border-right-gray10-1 bg-white-smoke"><div class="article__graphic"><img src="https://cdn.statcdn.com/Infographic/images/teaser/18819.jpeg" + data-src="https://cdn.statcdn.com/Infographic/images/normal/18819.jpeg" + alt="Infographic: Amazon Leads $130-Billion Cloud Market | Statista" + width="1200" + height="1200" + class="margin-bottom-5n lazy" + data-open-modal="#infographicModal" + data-gtm="infographic__graphic"/></div></div><div class="flex_item width30"><div class="panelBox__section panelBox__section--border article__graphicText"><h3 class="hl-module article__graphicDescription"> + Description + </h3><p class="article__graphicDescription"> + This chart shows worldwide market share of leading cloud infrastructure service providers in Q4 2020. + </p><p class="margin-top-7 text-right"><a class="text--link text-color--gray font-size-xs" href="/statistics/report-content/infographic/18819" title="Report"><i class="fa fa-flag"></i> + Report + </a></p></div><div class="panelBox__section panelBox__section--border article__graphicText"><a href="https://cdn.statcdn.com/Infographic/images/normal/18819.jpeg" class="button button--green green button--medium width100" + download="Statista-Infographic_18819_worldwide-market-share-of-leading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers-" + target="_blank" + title="Download Chart" + data-gtm="infographic__downloadChart"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> + Download Chart + </a></div><div class="panelBox__section panelBox__section--border article__socialmediaBar"><div class="row margin-bottom-5n"><div class="width33 width-s-33 padding-right-7"><a class="button button--facebook width100" + title="Share on Facebook" + 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Simply copy the HTML code that is shown for the relevant statistic in order to integrate it. Our standard is 660 pixels, but you can customize how the statistic is displayed to suit your site by setting the width and the display size. 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id="Breadcrumbs"><!-- Breadcrumbs --></div><div class="sv-vertical sv-layout sol-breadcrumbs-wrapper sv-skip-spacer" id="svid10_25b7d58415a26d948701520f"><div class="sv-fluid-grid sv-grid-narrow sv-layout sv-skip-spacer" id="svid10_25b7d58415a26d9487015210"><div class="sv-script-portlet sv-portlet sv-skip-spacer" id="svid12_25b7d58415a26d9487015211"><div id="BreadcrumbsSkript"><!-- Breadcrumbs - Skript --></div><ul class="sol-breadcrumbs sol-ul"> + <li> + <a href="/web/20170710185409/https://www.botkyrka.se/" title="Startsida">Startsida</a> + </li> + <li> + <span class="sol-divider">/</span> + <a href="/web/20170710185409/https://www.botkyrka.se/arkiv/nyhetsarkiv.html" title="Nyhetsarkiv">Nyhetsarkiv</a> + </li> + <li> + <span class="sol-divider">/</span> + <span>Angående uttalanden av journalisten Janne Josefsson om Bibliotek Botkyrka</span> + </li> + </ul></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sv-html-portlet sv-portlet" id="svid12_789f653115a26de0e2259976"><div id="AnkareinnehallHTML"><!-- Ankare innehåll - HTML --></div><div id="page_content"> + +</div></div> +</div> +<div class="sv-fluid-grid sv-grid-narrow sv-layout" id="svid10_4a23abd9158495687c9977cc"><div class="sv-vertical sv-layout sol-section sol-article-wrapper sv-skip-spacer" id="svid10_4a23abd9158495687c997e22"><div id="svid94_4a23abd9158495687c996f91"><div class="sv-vertical sv-layout sv-skip-spacer" id="svid10_4a23abd9158495687c99793f"><div id="svid94_5625533715cc532f15b7119b" class="pagecontent sv-layout"><div id="Mittenspalt"><!-- Mittenspalt --></div><div class="sv-text-portlet sv-use-margins sv-skip-spacer" id="svid12_5625533715cc532f15b7119c"><div id="Rubrik"><!-- Rubrik --></div><div class="sv-text-portlet-content"><h1 class="font-heading-1" id="h-AngaendeuttalandenavjournalistenJanneJosefssonomBibliotekBotkyrka">Angående uttalanden av journalisten Janne Josefsson om Bibliotek Botkyrka</h1></div></div> +<div class="sv-text-portlet sv-use-margins" id="svid12_5625533715cc532f15b7119e"><div id="Ingress"><!-- Ingress --></div><div class="sv-text-portlet-content"><p class="font-normal"><strong>Journalisten Janne Josefsson hävdar i ”Sommar i P1” att Botkyrka kommuns bibliotek bränner böcker av Astrid Lindgren. Det stämmer inte. För att utrymmet i hyllorna ska räcka till krävs det att biblioteken i Botkyrka varje år gallrar motsvarande mängd böcker som man köper in, varav vissa har varit äldre utgåvor av Astrid Lindgren.</strong></p></div></div> +<div class="sv-text-portlet sv-use-margins" id="svid12_5625533715cc532f15b7119f"><div id="Innehall"><!-- Innehåll --></div><div class="sv-text-portlet-content"><p class="font-normal">Bibliotek Botkyrka ägnar sig inte åt att bränna böcker. För att utrymmet i hyllorna ska räcka till krävs det att varje bibliotek i Botkyrka varje år gallrar motsvarande mängd böcker som man köper in. Det är en praktisk omöjlighet för ett folkbibliotek att ha alla böcker som givits ut i Sverige. Gallring av en bok kan bli aktuell av flera olika orsaker. Det kan vara utslitna böcker, böcker som inte lånats på länge, böcker vars innehåll är föråldrat med mera. Vissa av de gallrade böckerna säljs till biblioteksbesökare för några kronor styck medan andra kasseras direkt. Kasserade böcker hanteras enligt ordinarie återvinningsregler och sophanteringsrutiner.</p><p class="font-normal">Biblioteken i Botkyrka kommun har gallrat vissa utgåvor av Astrid Lindgrens ”Pippi i Söderhavet” där det förekommer föråldrade uttryck som kan uppfattas som rasistiska, men Bibliotek Botkyrka har också köpt in förlagets nya utgåva av boken från 2015 där de föråldrade uttrycken har bytts ut mot mer samtida. De gallrade exemplaren av Pippi i Söderhavet har kasserats och hanterats enligt samma rutiner som alla andra gallrade böcker. Det förekommer alltså inte, som det kan uppfattas att Janne Josefsson vill göra gällande, någon särskild hantering av dessa böcker. Detta har också påtalats för Janne Josefsson i samtal med honom under maj månad.</p><p class="font-normal">För mer information om hur böcker återvinns hänvisar Kultur- och fritidsförvaltningen till återvinningsbolaget SRV.</p></div></div> +</div></div> +</div><div class="sv-layout sv-skip-spacer" id="svid30_3f7cdc58159ed1e625a23a9"><div id="Relateradinformation"><!-- Relaterad information --></div><div class="sv-script-portlet sv-portlet sv-skip-spacer" id="svid12_3f7cdc58159ed1e625a23a7"><div id="VisadividerSkript"><!-- Visa divider - Skript --></div></div> +<div class="sv-layout" id="svid30_3f7cdc58159ed1e625a9d0e"><div id="Relateradekontakter"><!-- Relaterade kontakter --></div><div class="sv-script-portlet sv-portlet sv-skip-spacer" id="svid12_3f7cdc58159ed1e625a9d0a"><div id="RelateratSkript"><!-- Relaterat - Skript --></div></div> +</div> +<div class="sv-layout" id="svid30_3f7cdc58159ed1e625a23a1"><div id="Relateradelankar"><!-- Relaterade länkar --></div><div 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has-post-thumbnail category-local category-europe category-social-justice"> + <header> + <h1>Sweden’s Libraries Destroying Pippi Longstocking Children’s Books Because of Racist Phrases</h1> + <aside id="social-share-buttons" class="bnn-social-share" data-fbc="1571"> + <a role="button" class="button_facebook" href="#" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow"><em></em><span class="acz5"></span></a> + <a role="button" class="button_email" href="#" title="Email" rel="nofollow"></a> + <a role="button" class="button_parler" href="#" title="Parler" rel="nofollow"><span></span></a> + <a role="button" class="button_twitter" href="#" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow"></a> + </aside> + <figure><img width="640" height="480" src="https://media.breitbart.com/media/2017/07/AP_070324047748-640x480.png" class="wp-post-image" alt="Pippi Longstocking" title="AP_070324047748" /><figcaption><cite>AP IMAGES</cite></figcaption></figure><div class="header_byline"><address data-n><a href="/author/wojciech-zdrojkowski/" title="Posts by Wojciech Zdrojkowski">Wojciech Zdrojkowski</a></address><time datetime="2017-07-19T05:42:22Z">19 Jul 2017</time><span class="byC" data-dsqu="/europe/2017/07/19/swedens-libraries-pulp-traditional-children-books-racist-phrases/#disqus_thread" data-dsqi="7100279" data-fbc="1571"></span></div> </header> + <div class="entry-content"> + <p class="subheading">A Swedish council has admitted that local libraries have been throwing out copies of a popular children’s book because it contains racist expressions, with one local journalist even claiming the books are being burnt.</p><div id="gmx-rev-top" class="H"></div> +<p>Older versions of the Pippi Langstrumpf [Pippi Longstocking] book entitled ‘Pippi in the South Seas,’ have been discarded by libraries in the Botkyrka municipality.</p> +<figure id="D-ROS-B1" class="a8d"></figure> +<figure id="M-ROS-B1" class="a8d"></figure><figure id="gmxrevmore" class="H"></figure> +<p>The Botkyrka council has denied claims by Swedish investigative journalist Janne Josefsson that libraries are specifically targeting Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Langstrumpf books, explaining that getting rid of books is a necessary process ‘in order for the space in the shelves to be sufficient.’</p> +<p>They stated that they get rid of books which are ‘worn out,’ ‘outdated’ or ‘have not been borrowed for a long time,’ but admitted to disposing of the Pippi Langstrumpf copies due to ‘racist’ content and replacing them with newer editions without the ‘racial’ phrases.</p> +<p>In a <a href="https://www.botkyrka.se/arkiv/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter-startsida/2017-07-10-angaende-uttalanden-av-journalisten-janne-josefsson-om-bibliotek-botkyrka.html">press release</a>, they wrote: “The libraries in the municipality of Botkyrka have culled editions of Astrid Lindgren’s ‘Pippi in the South Seas’ where there are obsolete expression that can be perceived as racist, but Botkyrka Library have also bought the publisher’s new edition of the book from 2015 where the obsolete expression have been replaced by more contemporary expressions.</p> +<figure id="M-ROS-B2" class="a8d"></figure> +<p>The new edition of the book has replaced the phrase ‘king of the Negroes’ or ‘Negro king’ – in reference to Pippi’s father, who Pippi and her friends find in the Canny Canny Islands after his mysterious disappearance – with ‘king of the South Seas’ or ‘South Sea king.’</p> +<p>The Pippi Langstrumpf series has also been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/09/pippi-longstocking-books-racism">condemned</a> in the past as using ‘colonial racist stereotypes’ by a German theologian, who described one scene in ‘Pippi in the South Seas’ where black children throw themselves into the sand in front of white children.</p> +<p>“The culled specimens of ‘Pippi in the South Seas’ have been discarded and handled according to the same routines as all other obsolete books”, said the local authority</p> +<div> +<dl id="attachment_7100660"> +<dt><a href="https://media.breitbart.com/media/2017/07/Astrid-Lindgren.png"><img src="https://media.breitbart.com/media/2017/07/Astrid-Lindgren.png" alt="" width="899" height="674" /></a></dt> +<dd><em>World-renowned children’s author Astrid Lundgren (d. 2002) holds a copy of Pippi Longstocking in the South Sea in 1995 / AP Images</em></dd> +</dl> +</div> +<p>Janne Josefsson first raised the issue on Swedish radio, claiming that Botkyrka have been burning original versions of Lindgren’s book.</p> +<p>“There’s something in me that says, wait a second now, are we really going to let these things disappear? Shouldn’t they be allowed to survive so that I can tell my child that this is how they talked in those days?” he <a href="http://www.expressen.se/gt/josefssons-ordkrig-om-astrid-lindgren-/">told</a> Swedish tabloid Expressen.</p> +<figure id="M-ROS-B3" class="a8d adSo"></figure> +<p>Josefsson believes the eradication of the 1948 copies of the book, which focuses on the misadventures and experiences of Pippi Langstrumpf, a young girl recognizable for her red hair and pigtails, has been done for ideological reasons.</p> +<p>“They try to deter this [debate] by saying, we do this with all the books that go out, but here it’s for ideological reasons – it is because Botkyrka has something called intercultural policy,” he said.</p> +<p>When approached by Breitbart London, operations manager at Botkyrka Library, Anja Dahlstedt, was unable to confirm whether the books were being burned.</p> +<p>She said: “All books that are sorted at the libraries of Botkyrka are either put up for sale for everyone to buy or thrown away according to ordinary waste disposal routines.”</p> +<p>“I cannot answer to how our recycling company SRV handle books when it comes to recycling.</p> +<p>“We have six libraries in Botkyrka municipality and we have handled the book Pippi i Soderhavet [Pippi in the South Seas] in the same way in all our libraries.”</p> +<p>This is not the first case of a book being banned for having what is perceived as racist content.</p> +<p>Earlier this year a library in Stockholm <a href="https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/02/20/library-bans-factual-book-immigration/">refused</a> to stock a book on immigration by economist Tino Sanandaji, claiming it ‘supported racism.’</p> +<p>Elsewhere, a school in Virginia in the USA <a href="https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/02/virginia-schools-ban-huckleberry-finn-racial-slurs/">banned</a> another children’s book – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – because it including ‘racial slurs.’ The same school also banned ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ for containing racial content and profanity.</p> + </div> + <footer> + <p class="rmoreabt"><a href="/local/">Local</a><a href="/europe/">London / Europe</a><a href="/social-justice/">Social Justice</a><a href="/tag/multiculturalism/">Multiculturalism</a><a class="lst" href="/tag/sweden/">Sweden</a></p> <aside id="social-share-inline" class="bnn-social-share"> + <a role="button" class="button_twitter" href="#" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow"></a> + <a role="button" class="button_facebook" href="#" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow"><em></em></a> + </aside> + </footer> + </article> + <aside><figure id="gmx-rev-below"></figure></aside> + <section id="comments"> + <p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Breitbart"></a>.</p> + <p>Please <a href="/contact-us/comment-feedback/" rel="nofollow">let us know</a> if you're having issues with commenting.</p> + <div id="disqus_thread"></div> +</section> + <script>var disqus_identifier='7100279',disqus_title="Sweden’s 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a/content/misc/web_snapshot/f2aa95b42c5420cb11ccbf1cb084d5e5ccc3fc6cd575c51e9ee473b9df19c890.txt b/content/misc/web_snapshot/f2aa95b42c5420cb11ccbf1cb084d5e5ccc3fc6cd575c51e9ee473b9df19c890.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +HTTP/2 200 +date: Mon, 03 May 2021 07:30:39 GMT +content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 +server: nginx +vary: Accept-Encoding +set-cookie: STATSESSID=6690cqsl22s4uuhouf9peq9v55; path=/; domain=statista.com; secure; HttpOnly +cache-control: max-age=0, must-revalidate, private, s-maxage=10800 +expires: Mon, 03 May 2021 07:30:39 GMT +set-cookie: abtest=2; expires=Sat, 30-Jun-2035 03:30:39 GMT; Max-Age=446760000; path=/; domain=statista.com; secure +x-cache-status: BYPASS +x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN +x-content-type-options: nosniff +x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block +strict-transport-security: max-age=16070400; includeSubDomains + diff --git a/content/pages/about.rst b/content/pages/about.rst @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Identities +########## + +:title: Identities +:author: Louis Holbrook + + +My own. My precious +=================== + +PGP - personal + `59A844A4 84AC1125 3D3A3E9D CDCBD24D D1D0E001`_ + +PGP - code signing + `0826EDA1 702D1E87 C6E28751 21D2E7BB 88C2A746`_ + +PGP - `Delta Chat`_ + `E19386B2 6EB1F4CC 9B14B4E3 D62A8A77 9612E773`_ + +TOX_ + ``70459C0568A64737F127CA1505FA0485FBB69831C7BD6AC269E369285C7F2E0282283B2AFCD0`` + +.. + + .. _Delta Chat: https://delta.chat/ + +.. + + .. _59A844A4 84AC1125 3D3A3E9D CDCBD24D D1D0E001: https://holbrook.no/keys/louis.asc + +.. + + .. _0826EDA1 702D1E87 C6E28751 21D2E7BB 88C2A746: https://holbrook.no/keys/louis_dev.asc + +.. + + .. _E19386B2 6EB1F4CC 9B14B4E3 D62A8A77 9612E773: https://holbrook.no/keys/louis_deltachat.asc + +.. + + .. _TOX: https://tox.chat/ + + +At the mercy of others +====================== + +Stackexchange + `lash <https://stackexchange.com/users/4055233/lash>`__ + +Gitlab + `nolash <https://gitlab.com/nolash>`__ + +Github + `nolash <https://github.com/nolash>`__ + diff --git a/content/pages/projects.rst b/content/pages/projects.rst @@ -9,12 +9,18 @@ Projects Active ====== -Chaintools_ +Chaintool_ ----------- -This is a collection of three python3 blockchain libraries - chainlib_, chainsyncer_ and chainqueue_. Chainlib provides tooling for encodings for Solidity-EVM and Ethereum node networks. Chainqueue facilitates bulk send of transactions. Chainsyncer processes all transactions in mined blocks, and executes pluggable code for each of them. +This is a collection of three python3 blockchain libraries - chainlib_, chainsyncer_ and chainqueue_, written for the Community Inclusion Currency project pilot by `Grassroots Economics <https://grassrootseconomics.org>`_. -It also provides `Crypto Dev Signer`_, a daemon for use in development that performs Ethereum signatures over its standard JSON-RPC, along with a keystore with memory or sql backends. It also contains a cli tool to create and parse keystore files. +Chainlib provides tooling for encodings for Solidity-EVM and Ethereum node networks, along with an attempt to generalize some concepts to allow multichain interfacing, as well as future additions of other chain environments. + +Chainsyncer partially depends on chainlib, and processes all transactions in mined blocks, and executes pluggable code for each of them. + +Chainqueue is chain environment agnostic, and facilitates bulk send of transactions. + +The collection also provides `Crypto Dev Signer`_, a daemon and library for use in development that performs Ethereum signatures over its standard JSON-RPC, along with a keystore with memory or sql backends. It also contains a cli tool to create and parse keystore files. Taint_ ------ @@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ A library that aims to simplify mutually signing generic serializable items offl .. - .. _chaintools: https://gitlab.com/chaintools + .. _chaintool: https://gitlab.com/chaintool .. diff --git a/lash/static/css/style.css b/lash/static/css/style.css @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ body { background-image: url('../images/bg.png'); background-repeat: repeat; font-family: sans-serif; + margin: 2.5em 4.0em 3.0em 4.0em; } section.body, @@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ header div { padding-right: 2em; } -ol { - list-style-type: none; -} +#ol { +# list-style-type: none; +#} h2 { color: #840020; @@ -91,6 +92,11 @@ nav#menu hr { /* metadata */ ol.entry-series-parts, +ol#post-list { + list-style-type: none; +} + +ol.entry-series-parts, ol.entry-series-parts li, div.neighbors ul, div.neighbors ul li { @@ -133,10 +139,13 @@ pre { white-space: break-spaces; } div.highlight, +div.highlight pre, pre.code { background-color: #e5e0e0; padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; + word-wrap: break-word; + overflow: hidden; } @@ -178,13 +187,16 @@ div.caution p.admonition-title { /* footnotes */ -table.footnote { +table.footnote, +table.citation { border-left: 3px solid #ccc; margin-top: 2.0em; } -table.footnote td.label { +table.footnote td.label, +table.citation td.label { padding-left: 1.2em; + padding-right: 0.5em; } /* custom: identities */ diff --git a/lash/static/images/bg.png b/lash/static/images/bg.png Binary files differ. diff --git a/pelicanconf.py b/pelicanconf.py @@ -35,10 +35,12 @@ RELATIVE_URLS = True DISPLAY_CATEGORIES_ON_MENU = True -PLUGINS = ['pelican.plugins.neighbors', 'sign'] - MENUITEMS = [('tags', '/tags.html')] STATIC_PATHS = ['images', 'misc'] +PLUGINS = [ + 'pelican.plugins.neighbors', + 'sign', + ] PLUGIN_SIGN_GPGKEY = 'd1d0e001' diff --git a/publishconf.py b/publishconf.py @@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ CATEGORY_FEED_ATOM = 'feeds/{slug}.atom.xml' DELETE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = True +PLUGINS = [ + 'pelican.plugins.neighbors', + 'sign', + ] + # Following items are often useful when publishing #DISQUS_SITENAME = ""
